Arctic Shores

Arctic Shores

Arctic Shores app
Type	Private company
Industry	Business and domestic software development
Founded	June 28, 2013 (2013-06-28) in Machester, United Kingdom.
Founders	Robert Newry Safe Hammad
Headquarters	Lowry House, 17 Marble Street, Manchester , United Kingdom
Key people	Robert Newry
Total assets	£6.18 million (2022)
Total equity	£1.99 million (2022)
Number of employees	77 (2022)
Website	https://www.arcticshores.com/

Employing the right people is one of the best ways to maximise the profitability of businesses, and Arctic Shores is a company that's on a mission to provide more objective, engaging, and fair ways to assess potential employees.

At the heart of Arctic Shores' offerings is its psychometric platform, UNA, engineered to assess key personality traits or competencies that are indicative of success in a given job role.

Assuming that Arctic Shores increases its share of the ccc market by cccx to 1% (from less than ccc%) and other assumptions, the expected return of an investment in the company over the next five years is ccc%, which equates to an annual return of ccc%. In other words, an £100,000 investment in the company is expected to return £ccc in five years time.

The degree of risk associated with an investment in Arctic Shores is 'high', with the shares having an adjusted beta that is unknown.

Accordingly, if your desired annual rate of return is ccc% or less and/or one of your goals is to provide more objective, engaging, and fair ways to assess potential employees (i.e. you share in the mission of the Arctic Shores company), and you are both willing and able to accept the possibility of losing your entire investment amount, then an investment in the company is considered to be a 'suitable' one.

Fun fact: the company misspelled its name as "Artic Shores Limited" on the official incorporation filing documents, but realised and corrected the error to "Arctic Shores Limited" within four days.

Operations

How did the idea of the company come about?

A split scene contrasting traditional recruitment with the new game-based approach.

The idea behind Arctic Shores and its game-based assessments was born out of the recognition that traditional recruitment processes had several limitations, including potential biases and a heavy reliance on CVs or resumes that might not provide a full picture of a candidate's abilities or potential.

Robert Newry, the founder of Arctic Shores, sought to develop a more innovative approach to talent assessment. He and his team believed that by leveraging technology and game mechanics, they could create engaging assessments that offered a more holistic view of a candidate. This would not only help companies make better hiring decisions but also provide a fairer and more objective process for candidates, reducing potential biases and barriers to entry for diverse candidates.

Game-based assessments provide an immersive environment where candidates' cognitive, emotional, and personality traits can be observed in a more natural and less stressful setting than traditional tests. This approach also makes the recruitment process more enjoyable for the candidate.

The overall aim was to disrupt the traditional recruitment industry by offering tools that could provide deeper insights into a candidate's potential, ensuring that talent was recognised beyond just what was written on a CV.

What's the mission of the company?

A symbolic representation of the balance between traditional tests and game-based assessments.

Arctic Shores' mission is to provide more objective, engaging, and fair ways to assess potential employees, going beyond the traditional CV to give every candidate a chance to showcase their true potential.

The game-based assessments they developed are designed to measure cognitive and emotional abilities, as well as personality traits, in a more engaging way than traditional psychometric tests. By doing so, they aim to reduce biases in hiring decisions and improve the diversity and quality of hires.

What are the main offering(s) of the company?

An illustration of the UNA platform interface showcasing its various features.

Arctic Shores Limited specialises in innovative talent assessment solutions, leveraging psychometric games and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology to revolutionise recruitment processes​​. Their primary offering is a Talent Discovery Platform known as UNA, which embodies a myriad of features designed to optimise recruitment outcomes:

1. Games-Based Assessments (GBA):
   • These assessments are structured to evaluate a candidate’s aptitude, cognitive functioning, and personality in relation to a specific role. They are part of a new wave of validated pre-job profiling tools aimed at making the recruitment process more engaging and insightful​​.
2. Engaging, Gen AI Proof Tasks:
   • Unlike conventional questioning, UNA employs tasks to assess candidates, which enables a more practical understanding of a candidate’s abilities and behaviors. The tasks score every step a candidate takes, akin to how scoring would be done in interviews or exams, which can increase the size of the talent pool by up to 20%​​.
3. Personality and Workplace Intelligence Assessment:
   • Arctic Shores assesses both Personality and what they term as Workplace Intelligence (akin to Aptitude). These can be measured separately or combined to provide a holistic, accurate picture of someone’s ability to succeed in a role​​.
4. Exceptional Candidate Experience:
   • The platform focuses on delivering an interactive, engaging assessment experience for candidates, supported by instant feedback reports and round-the-clock user support​​.
5. Accessible Insights:
   • UNA provides easily accessible and actionable insights, allowing for efficient management of all candidate scores within a Campaign Dashboard​​.
6. Clear Reporting and Consistent Interviews:
   • The platform facilitates clear reporting of every candidate’s potential and ensures a consistent interview experience across hiring managers with the aid of Interview Guides​​.
7. Assessment Branding:
   • UNA allows for customisation by adding brand colors, logos, and corporate images to the assessment, enhancing the overall branding of the recruitment process​​.
8. Total Support and Business Psychology as a Service (BPaaS):
   • With a dedicated Customer Success team and expert support in job analysis, stakeholder workshops, ROI, and campaign analytics, Arctic Shores provides a comprehensive support structure to nurture and refine the recruitment process continually​​.

Through these offerings, Arctic Shores aims to assist companies in making better people choices and individuals in making better career choices, thereby contributing to improved diversity, reduced time-to-hire, and significantly lower recruitment costs​.

Features of UNA that have quantifiable aspects

Features	Description	Available (√ / ×)
Games-Based Assessments (GBA)	Evaluates aptitude, cognitive functioning, and personality in relation to a specific role.	√
Engaging, Gen AI Proof Tasks	Employs tasks instead of questions to assess candidates, scoring every step taken, potentially expanding the talent pool by up to 20%.	√

What is the price of the offering?

An illustration of the Arctic Shores website's pricing page on a laptop with a padlock symbolizing undisclosed pricing.

The pricing for the offerings by Arctic Shores Limited is not publicly disclosed on their official website or other platforms. They offer a flexible pricing model based on the recruitment needs of the client. The pricing page on their official website mentions "Flexible pricing for all your recruitment needs" but does not provide specific pricing details​​. Additionally, on a software review platform, there's a mention of discovering Arctic Shores pricing by requesting a free demo, suggesting that pricing might be shared on a case-by-case basis with interested parties​​.

Arctic Shores offers two main subscription models: UNA Access and UNA Pro. However, the specific pricing for these subscriptions is not provided on the website.

From which place(s) are the offerings able to be purchased?

An illustration of a global map highlighting the locations of Arctic Shores' resellers.

The offerings of Arctic Shores Limited, specifically their Talent Discovery Platform UNA, can be purchased or accessed through various avenues:

1. Direct Purchase:
   • Individuals or organisations interested in utilising Arctic Shores' offerings can directly contact the company to get more information regarding the purchase. The UNA Access and UNA Pro subscriptions offer different levels of access and features, and can be acquired by reaching out to Arctic Shores. These subscriptions provide options for a fair use cap of up to 5,000 or 10,000 assessments respectively, along with various other features like assessment branding, Marketplace ATS integration, and more. Additionally, campaigns, which encompass an end-to-end recruitment process from assessment to hiring decisions for one job description, can be purchased in bundles of 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, or 50​​.
2. Online Subscription:
   • The company’s website has a Subscriptions page where interested parties can view the different subscription offerings such as Full Branding and start the process of hiring for potential. It also mentions flexible pricing for all recruitment needs, indicating a level of customisation based on the requirements of the purchaser​​.
3. Resellers:
   • Arctic Shores has a network of resellers across different countries where their offerings can be purchased. These resellers are located in countries including Indonesia, Greater China, Italy, Spain, The Netherlands, South Africa, and Chile. Each of these resellers has a website through which one can learn more about the offerings of Arctic Shores and potentially make a purchase​.

These channels provide flexibility and accessibility for potential customers from various regions to access and purchase the offerings of Arctic Shores Limited.

From which place(s) are the offerings promoted?

An illustration of a digital world map highlighting Arctic Shores' promotional channels and international expansion.

Arctic Shores Limited promotes its offerings through various channels and partnerships:

1. Online Platforms:
   • Official Website: Arctic Shores promotes its offerings on its official website, where potential customers can learn about the products and services, view subscription options, and get in touch for more details​.
   • YouTube Channel: There is a YouTube channel dedicated to Arctic Shores where they have posted content about their behavior-based assessment, potentially among other offerings​.
2. Partnerships:
   • Arctic Shores has formed partnerships to promote its offerings. For example, a partnership with Wiser is mentioned, which is based on a shared mission rather than just synergies or complementary offerings​​.
3. Investment and Expansion:
   • Arctic Shores secured a £5.75m Series B investment to accelerate the development of its soft-skills assessment and international expansion, particularly in Europe. This funding could potentially be used for promotional activities to increase the visibility and adoption of its offerings​​.
4. Collaborations with HR Technology Platforms:
   • In recent years, Arctic Shores expanded its offerings and reach by collaborating with leading HR technology platforms. By integrating its assessments into widely-used recruitment systems, Arctic Shores made its offerings more accessible to employers worldwide, promoting its services to a broader audience.
5. Social Media and Online Publications:
   • While not directly mentioned, it's common for companies to utilise social media platforms and online publications to promote their offerings. The inclusion of sharing buttons for platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn on an article about Arctic Shores indicates that such online platforms could be used for promotional purposes.

These channels and strategies aid in creating awareness and engagement with potential customers, thereby promoting the offerings of Arctic Shores Limited across different regions and sectors.

What's the current strategy of the company?

An illustration of a growth tree representing different strategic areas and initiatives of Arctic Shores.

Based on the available information, the long-term strategy of Arctic Shores Limited seems to be oriented towards international expansion, enhancing soft-skills assessment capabilities, and fostering diversity and inclusion in recruitment processes. Here’s a structured breakdown of the company's strategy over the next five years, inferred from the various sources and historical trajectory:

1. International Expansion:
   • There's a strong emphasis on international expansion, as evidenced by the Series A and Series B funding rounds aimed at accelerating the company's growth abroad, particularly in Europe​.
   • With offices in Manchester, London, and Singapore supporting a fast-growing roster of global clients, the company aims to increase its international revenue, which constituted 48% of its total revenue in a recent financial year​.
2. Development of Soft-Skills Assessment Capabilities:
   • A portion of the funding received is designated for accelerating the development of soft-skills assessment, likely to meet the growing market demand and adhere to the evolving recruitment practices​​.
3. Revenue Growth:
   • The company has shown a promising revenue growth trajectory, hitting $2.7 million revenue recently, hinting at a strategic focus on increasing revenue possibly by expanding its client base and enhancing its product offerings​​.
4. Diversity and Inclusion:
   • Arctic Shores is committed to contributing towards a work environment that’s truly fair and inclusive, with one of its founding principles being that everyone deserves a fair shot​.
5. Technological Innovation and Product Development:
   • Continuation of the innovative blend of game technology, behavioral science, cognitive neuroscience, and data analytics in their platform to help organisations and individuals make better people and career choices, likely reflecting a long-term strategy of technological innovation and product enhancement​​.
6. Customer Acquisition and Retention:
   • Building on a robust client base including global entities like PwC and Siemens, the company may focus on customer acquisition and retention to further its revenue and market share.
7. Thought Leadership and Industry Contribution:
   • With a history of contributing to the discourse on modern recruitment practices and being recognised as a thought leader in the HR and talent acquisition space, it's plausible that Arctic Shores will continue its efforts in these areas, possibly through research, publications, or collaborations with industry stakeholders.
8. Continuous Research and Development:
   • Given the company's past emphasis on refining its assessments and staying ahead of emerging trends in recruitment, continuous R&D efforts are likely to remain a part of its long-term strategy.
9. Market Adaptability:
   • Adapting to market needs and trends, such as the emphasis on soft skills and fair recruitment practices, will likely continue to shape the company's strategy, ensuring its relevance and effectiveness in the evolving recruitment landscape.

Team

Each team member's unique blend of qualifications, professional experiences, and alignment with Arctic Shores' mission significantly contributes to its innovative approach towards recruitment and assessment, bolstering its market position as a leader in behavior-based assessments.

CEO & Co-Founder

Robert Newry.

Robert Newry holds a degree in Politics, Philosophy, and Economics from Oxford, alongside an MBA. His career trajectory from a graduate trainee to leading operations in Hong Kong for Inchcape Plc showcases his adaptability and business acumen. As a serial entrepreneur, he sold his first company, NewField IT, to Xerox, after which he co-founded Arctic Shores to address graduate hiring inequities and innovate psychometric assessment practices. He's a PRINCE2 Practitioner and ITIL Foundation certified, and his advocacy for social mobility and gamification in HR is well-recognised, adding significant value to Arctic Shores' mission.

Co-founder and advisor

Safe Hammad.

Safe Hammad is a technology entrepreneur from Oxford University who co-founded Arctic Shores alongside Robert Newry​​. Safe transitioned into an advisory role in August 2023 after serving as the CTO for nearly a decade, indicating his in-depth understanding of Arctic Shores' technological framework​​. His work, especially the innovation dubbed "Workplace Intelligence," stands as a notable contribution towards enhancing cognitive assessment in recruitment processes​​. Safe's investment in VU Compare and his new role as Director at Sandacre reflect his continuous engagement with tech-driven ventures​.

Chair of the Board of the Directors

Adam Hale.

Adam Hale’s engagement with technology-centric businesses, aiding them to scale globally, aligns well with Arctic Shores’ objectives. His experiences across various B2B SaaS firms and successful scaleups provide a solid foundation for guiding Arctic Shores towards global market leadership​.

Chief Growth Officer

Estelle McCartney.

With a law degree from Edinburgh University, Estelle McCartney has transitioned across diverse sectors, enriching her perspective, vital for her current role at Arctic Shores. Her recognition by Cranfield University as one of the 100 Women to Watch in 2020, and her advocacy for equality, diversity, and social mobility, resonate with the company's ethos.

Chief Product Officer

Claire Jaques.

Claire Jaques’ journey from IT consulting at PwC to HR and later product management in the HR tech space showcases her ability to leverage multifaceted skills. Her alignment with customer-centricity and innovative product development significantly contributes to Arctic Shores' product offerings.

VP Finance & Operations

Craig Humphrey.

Craig Humphrey, with over a decade of experience as a Chartered Accountant and operational roles in various industries, provides a robust framework for Arctic Shores' operational efficiency as it scales.

VP Marketing

Hannah Garner.

Hannah Garner serves as the VP of Marketing at Arctic Shores, focusing on helping companies future-proof their hiring processes especially in the age of Gen AI​​. While her detailed career trajectory is not publicly available, her position at Arctic Shores aligns with the company's mission to improve hiring through behavioral assessments​​.

VP Sales

Kurtis-Daniel Winn.

Kurtis-Daniel Winn holds the position of VP of Sales and Head of Sales Development at Arctic Shores. He's also a member at Pavilion and SDL. His educational journey included attending the Securities & Investment Institute in 2004 for FSA REGULATION (Unit 1), and obtaining a Microsoft Licensing Solutions Specialist certification in December 2014. Winn is described as a high energy Front Line Sales Manager who is passionate about developing his team. He adopts a data-driven, well-structured, and methodical approach in his role and is acknowledged for his exemplary communication skills, especially in developing new business through meaningful, problem-led conversations with his team.

Director of Professional Services and Support

Jill Summers.

Jill Summers, the Director of Professional Services and Support at Arctic Shores, is dedicated to unlocking potential, advocating diversity, and enhancing customer experience. With a 20-year tenure in occupational psychology, she's a staunch supporter of the 'Scrap the CV' initiative aimed at solving the skills crisis and promoting social mobility. Her career commenced in NHS Scotland, and evolved through consulting roles in London, leading Assessment & Development at Amberjack Global, to her current position where she channels her expertise in onboarding and supporting customers alongside a proficient team. Her educational foundations are rooted in the University of Edinburgh and the University of Northumbria at Newcastle, with additional certifications enhancing her role in steering recruitment and development practices in sync with Arctic Shores' mission of harnessing and showcasing potential.

Director of Engineering

Alex Richardson.

Alex Richardson commenced his career as a Junior Java Developer at HSBC in 2010. He later joined ThoughtWorks as a Senior Software Engineer before moving to Arctic Shores in 2019 as Head of Platform and Lead Server Developer. In his current role as Director of Engineering, he's involved in hiring processes, specifically seeking individuals with good Typescript and React experience. Richardson completed a Master of Science (MS) in Banking and Finance​.

Head of Customer Success

Federica Rusmini.

Federica Rusmini began her journey at ScienceForWork in 2016 as a Content Creator and Writer focusing on recruitment, learning and development, organisational design, and management. The same year, she joined Arctic Shores as Head of Customer Success, Head of Professional Services, and Managing Business Psychologist. She's recognised for her expertise in business psychology, HR Tech, Talent Acquisition, and SaaS, and has also explored topics like neurodiversity in her writings and podcasts​.

Head of Psychometrics Output

Fiadhna McEvoy.

Fiadhna McEvoy has a diverse background in psychometrics and assessment design. Before her current role at Arctic Shores, she was the Head of Assessment Design at PeopleScout during 2020 to 2021. McEvoy is also involved in recruitment, striving to create a talented team that can push boundaries and continuously grow and develop its assessment offering. She's been active in hiring for the Psychometric Outputs department at Arctic Shores, describing the Assessment Specialist role as creative, exciting, challenging, collaborative, and purposeful​.

Senior Psychometrician

Luke Montuori.

Luke Montuori, a Senior Psychometrician at Arctic Shores, specialises in creating and refining tools to measure psychological constructs, collaborating across various teams to develop products valuable to both candidates and clients. With a background rooted in psychology and behavioural neuroscience, Luke transitioned from academia to a commercial setting, honing his psychometric skills before joining Arctic Shores. His role now involves driving the development of innovative levels designed to measure novel psychological constructs, blending his academic expertise with practical skills in psychometrics. In addition to his contributions at Arctic Shores, Luke runs his own consulting business and has begun publishing again, reflecting the research activities conducted at the company.

Competition

A key way to determine a product's closest competitors is by looking at other offerings that are targeting the same or similar target audience (i.e. recruiters) and aiming to provide the same core benefit (i.e. more efficient recruiting, and, ultimately, maximising profits), and then ranking the offerings in terms of the total amount of time spent using and/or money spent purchasing the offerings relative to other similar offerings. With that said, according to Stockhub users, the closest competitor of the Arctic Shores offering is Pymetrics.

Arctic Shores operates in the talent assessment and HR tech space, offering game-based assessments for recruitment. In this domain, they face competition from both traditional psychometric test providers and other innovative assessment tool providers. A detailed comparison between Arctic Shores and some of its main competitors are shown in the table below.

Offering name	Arctic Shores	Pymetrics	HireVue	CodinGame	Revelian	SHL	Aon's Assessment Solutions	Talent Q
Offering description	Uses neuroscience-based games and artificial intelligence to match candidates' emotional and cognitive abilities with company profiles.	Offers video interviewing software and also uses AI-driven assessments to evaluate video interviews.	While primarily focused on the tech recruitment space, they offer gamified coding challenges and assessments for programmers.	Offers a range of assessment tools, including game-based assessments that evaluate cognitive ability and emotional intelligence.	Provides more traditional forms of cognitive and personality testing.	Provides more traditional forms of cognitive and personality testing.	Provides more traditional forms of cognitive and personality testing.	Provides more traditional forms of cognitive and personality testing.
User satifcation	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Time to hire	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Cost per hire	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Price	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

Market

An illustration of a funnel showcasing the market segmentation from TAM to SAM to SOM.

TAM (Total Addressable Market):

The global recruitment industry is vast, with thousands of companies worldwide hiring millions of employees each year. If we consider the entire global market for talent assessment tools (including traditional assessments, psychometric testing, and more innovative solutions like game-based assessments), it is likely worth several billion dollars. For example, the HR tech industry in its entirety (which includes recruitment, employee engagement, training, and more) was estimated to be worth over $400 billion in 2020. The talent assessment segment is just a portion of this.

SAM (Serviceable Addressable Market):

If Arctic Shores focuses on multinational corporations in developed countries with substantial hiring volumes and interest in innovative HR solutions, this would represent a significant slice of the total market, but not its entirety. The exact value would depend on the number of such corporations, their average spending on recruitment tools, and other factors. A rough guess might put this in the tens of billions, but this is a broad estimate.

SOM (Serviceable Obtainable Market):

Arctic Shores' SOM would be a subset of their SAM, and would depend on their competitive positioning, product efficacy, marketing efforts, and other factors. Without specific data on their market share and the adoption rate of game-based assessment tools, it's challenging to provide a numeric estimate. It could be anywhere from several million to several billion, depending on the aforementioned factors.

Financials

The company was incorporated on 28th June 2013.

Year	1	2	3	4	5		6	7	8	9	10
Period end date	31/03/2014	31/03/2015	31/03/2016	31/03/2017	31/03/2018	31/12/2018	31/12/2019	31/12/2020	31/12/2021	31/12/2022	31/12/2023
Period duration (days)	278	365	366	365	365	273	366	365	365	365	365
	Historic	Historic	Historic	Historic	Historic	Historic	Historic	Historic	Historic	Historic	Forecast
Profit and loss
Revenue	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Net profit	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Balance sheet
Fixed assets
Tangible assets	0	1,578	4,709	6,261	11,391	28,075	29,816	23,208	10,922	15,471
Investments	0	0	0	0	27,175	27,175	0	0	0	0
	0	1,578	4,709	6,261	38,566	55,250	29,816	23,208	10,922	15,471
Current assets
Debtors: amounts falling due within one year	984	48,304	24,033	129,247	330,032	770,097	460,046	539,983	810,434	701,411
Cash at bank and in hand	107,538	7,231	113,894	262,877	295,829	1,250,069	2,959,316	2,850,864	1,990,652	5,480,754
	108,522	55,535	137,927	392,124	628,861	2,020,166	3,419,362	3,390,847	2,801,086	6,182,165
Creditors: amounts falling due within one year	(2,284)	(53,029)	(45,887)	(168,573)	(436,957)	(967,424)	(1,307,807)	(2,023,016)	(2,738,249)	(3,449,005)
Net current assets	106,238	2,506	92,040	223,551	191,904	1,052,742	2,111,555	1,367,831	62,837	2,733,160
Total assets less current liabilities	106,238	4,084	96,749	229,812	230,470	1,107,992	2,141,371	1,391,039	73,759	2,748,631
Creditors: amounts falling due after more than one year	(50,165)	(51,178)	(637,575)	(53,264)	(54,339)	(55,160)	(56,274)	(451,783)	(1,362,136)	(754,295)
Net assets/(liabilities)	56,073	(47,094)	(540,826)	176,548	176,131	1,052,832	2,085,097	939,256	(1,288,377)	1,994,336
Capital and reserves
Called up share capital	2	2	2	3	3	4	5	5	5	7
Share premium account	77,979	77,979	77,979	1,213,648	2,058,639	3,759,612	7,321,532	8,133,377	8,175,743	14,418,145
Profit and loss account	(21,908)	(125,075)	(618,807)	(1,037,103)	(1,882,511)	(2,706,784)	(5,236,440)	(7,194,126)	(9,464,125)	(12,423,816)
Shareholders' funds	56,073	(47,094)	(540,826)	176,548	176,131	1,052,832	2,085,097	939,256	(1,288,377)	1,994,336
Cash flows
Operating profit

What are the assumptions used to estimate the financial forecasts?

Key inputs

Description	Value	Commentary
Revenue
What's the estimated current size of the total addressable market?	$1,300,000,000	Here, the total addressable market (TAM) is defined as the global brokerage market, and based on a number of assumptions, it is estimated that the size of the market as of today (6th May 2023), in terms of revenue, is $1.3 trillion.
What is the estimated company lifespan?	50 years	Currently, Arctic Shores employs around 77, making the company a small organisation (less than 10,000 employees). That said, given the company's mission, we expect the company to grow to a large organisation, and research shows that the average lifespan of a large corporation is around 50 years.
What's the estimated annual growth rate of the total addressable market over the lifecycle of the company?	3%	Research shows that the growth rate of the global brokerage market (i.e. the total addressable market) is similar to the growth rate of global gross domestic product, which has averaged (medium) around 3% per year in the last 20 years (2001 to 2022).
What's the estimated company peak market share?	1%	The Stockhub users estimate that especially given the leadership of the company, the peak market share of Arctic Shores is around 1%, and, therefore, suggests using the share amount here. As of 30th September 2021, Arctic Shores's current share of the market is estimated at around 0.0010%.
Which distribution function do you want to use to estimate company revenue?	Gaussian	Research suggests that the revenue pattern of companies is similar to the pattern produced by the Gaussian distribution function (i.e. the revenue distribution is bell shaped), so the Stockhub users suggest using that function here.
What's the estimated standard deviation of company revenue?	5 years	Another way of asking this question is this way: within how many years either side of the mean does 68% of revenue occur? Based on Arctic Shores's current revenue amount (i.e. £12.68 million) and Arctic Shores's estimated lifespan (i.e. 50 years) and Arctic Shores's estimated current stage of its lifecycle (i.e. introduction stage), the Stockhub users suggest using five years (i.e. 68% of all sales happen within five years either side of the mean year), so that's what's used here.
Growth stages
How many main stages of growth is the company expected to go through?	4 stages	Research suggests that a company typically goes through four distinct stages of cash flow growth. Research also shows that incorporating those stages into the discounted cash flow model improves the quality of the model and, ultimately, the quality of the value estimation. In addition, research shows that a key way to determine the stage which a company is in is by examining the cash flow patterns of the company. A summary of the economic links to cash flow patterns can be found in the appendix of this report. The Stockhub users estimate that with Arctic Shores's operating cash flows negative (-), investing cash flows negative (-) and its financing cash flows positive (+), the company is in the first stage of growth (i.e. the 'introduction' stage), and, therefore, it has a total of four main stages of growth. Note, to account for one-off events, the three-year average (median) amount was used to calculate the cash flows.
What proportion of the company lifecycle is represented by growth stage 1?	30%	Research suggests 30%.
What proportion of the company lifecycle is represented by growth stage 2?	10%	Research suggests 10%.
What proportion of the company lifecycle is represented by growth stage 3?	20%	Research suggests 20%.
What proportion of the company lifecycle is represented by growth stage 4?	40%	Research suggests 40%.
Growth stage 1
Cost of goods sold as a proportion of revenue (%)		Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 1). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Operating expenses as a proportion of revenue (%)		Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 1). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Tax rate (%)		Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 1). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Depreciation and amortisation rate (%)		Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 1). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Fixed Capital Investment (FCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)		Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 1). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Working Capital Investment (WCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)		Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 1). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Net borrowing as a proportion of revenue (%)		Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 1). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Interest expense as a proportion of revenue (%)		Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 1). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Growth stage 2
Cost of goods sold as a proportion of revenue (%)		Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 2). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Operating expenses as a proportion of revenue (%)		Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 2). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Tax rate (%)		Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 2). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Depreciation and amortisation rate (%)		Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 2). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Fixed Capital Investment (FCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)		Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 2). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Working Capital Investment (WCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)		Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 2). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Net borrowing as a proportion of revenue (%)		Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 2). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Interest expense as a proportion of revenue (%)		Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 2). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Growth stage 3
Cost of goods sold as a proportion of revenue (%)		Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 3). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Operating expenses as a proportion of revenue (%)		Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 3). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Tax rate (%)		Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 3). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Depreciation and amortisation rate (%)		Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 3). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Fixed Capital Investment (FCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)		Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 3). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Working Capital Investment (WCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)		Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 3). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Net borrowing as a proportion of revenue (%)		Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 3). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Interest expense as a proportion of revenue (%)		Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 3). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Growth stage 4
Cost of goods sold as a proportion of revenue (%)	36.13%	Research suggests that it's best to use a similar margin rate as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 4). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Operating expenses as a proportion of revenue (%)	174.39%	Research suggests that it's best to use a similar margin rate as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 4). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Tax rate (%)	(1.94)%	Research suggests that it's best to use a similar rate as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 4). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Depreciation and amortisation rate (%)	47.29%	Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 4). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Fixed Capital Investment (FCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)	6.25%	Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 4). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Working Capital Investment (WCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)	2.13%	Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 4). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Net borrowing as a proportion of revenue (%)	0%	Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 4). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
Interest expense as a proportion of revenue (%)	0%	Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 4). Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.

Risks

A vector design of a pie chart representing various risks associated with investing in Arctic Shores.

As with any investment, investing in Arctic Shores carries a level of risk. Overall, based on the Arctic Shores' adjusted beta (i.e. N/A), the degree of risk associated with an investment in Arctic Shores is 'high'.

Here, to estimate the adjusted beta, we used the iShares MSCI World ETF to represent the market portfolio; and in terms of the time period and frequency of observations, we used the two available share price Arctic Shores data points. We note that the amount of available data observations for Arctic Shores is less than what's typically used in the five years of monthly data beta calculation (i.e. two observations vs. 60 observations), and accordingly, calculating the beta of such a company has been considered by many to be abnormal; however, for the benefit of simplifying investment comparisons and decision making, we believe that a single standardised risk measure is useful, and that the most appropriate measure is beta.

The beta value in a future period has been found to be on average closer to the mean value of 1.0, and because valuation is forward-looking, it is logical to adjust the raw beta so it more accurately predicts a future beta. In addition, here, we have assumed that for an investment to be considered 'high' risk, it must have a beta value of 1.5 or more. Further information about the beta ratings can be found in the appendix section of this report.

Early-stage investment

Arctic Shores is at one of the earliest stages of the business lifecycle, and the failure rate of companies at that stage is usually much higher than those at a later stage. As of 2022, 57% of companies that are incorporated in the United Kingdom fail within the first five years of the companies incorporation, according to the Office for National Statistics. We note that Arctic Shores is 10 years old as of 24th October 2023.

Illiquid investment

The number of transactions in shares of private companies is usually significantly lower than in public companies, typically resulting in it taking longer to sell shares in private companies at a price that is at least equal to the price that the shares were bought at. Accordingly, the Arctic Shores investment opportunity is considered to be higher risk than more liquid companies.

Financial Risk

The details of the financial health, including the valuation, revenue, and profitability of Arctic Shores Limited, are not publicly disclosed, making it challenging for investors to assess the financial risk fully. Moreover, the small uplift in funding between two rounds and a debt financing round might indicate financial constraints or cautious growth strategies.

Market Competition

As a provider of psychometric assessments, Arctic Shores operates in a competitive market with several other established players. The competition might affect the company's market share and profitability.

Technological Changes

The company's operations heavily rely on game technology, behavioral science, and potentially AI. Rapid technological changes or inability to keep up with such changes could pose a risk.

Regulatory Risks

Being in the recruitment and assessment sector, Arctic Shores might face regulatory challenges, especially when expanding internationally. Different regions have varying regulations concerning recruitment, data privacy, and assessments which could affect the company’s operations.

Customer Acquisition and Retention

The success of Arctic Shores in acquiring and retaining customers, especially large organisations, is crucial for its revenue generation and growth.

Reputation Risk

The company’s reputation among its clients and within the industry is vital for its success. Any negative publicity or failure to deliver as promised could adversely affect its reputation and, subsequently, its financial performance.

Investor Relations

The investor relations and the ability to secure further funding for growth or operations is also a critical aspect. The company has had several funding rounds, and the continuation of this support is vital for its sustainability and expansion.

Valuation

What's the expected return of an investment in the company?edit

The Stockhub users estimate that the expected return of an investment in the company over the next five years is ccc%, which equates to an annual return of ccc%. In other words, an £100,000 investment in the company is expected to return £301,600 in five years time. The assumptions used to estimate the return figure can be found in the table below.

Assuming that a suitable return level over five years is 25% per year or less, and Arctic Shores achieves its expected return level (of cc%), then an investment in the company is considered to be an 'suitable' one.

What are the assumptions used to estimate the return?

Key inputs

Description	Value	Commentary
Which valuation model do you want to use?	Discounted cash flow	Research suggests that in terms of estimating the expected return of an investment over a period of 12-months or more, the approach that is more accurate is the discounted cash flow approach, so that's the approach that he Stockhub users suggest to use here; nevertheless, for completeness purposes, separately, the valuation of the company is also estimated using the using the relative valuation approach (the valuation based on the relative approach can be found in the appendix of this report). Arctic Shores has never paid cash dividends, and on 7th February 2022, it said that it currently does not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Accordingly, the Stockhub users suggest using the free cash flow valuation method (rather than the dividend discount model).
Which financial forecasts to use?	Stockhub	The only available long-term forecasts (i.e. >15 years) are the ones that are supplied by the Stockhub users (the forecasts can be found in the financials section of this report), so the Stockhub users suggest using those.
Growth stage 1
Discount rate (%)	30%	There are two key risk parameters for a firm that need to be estimated: its cost of equity and its cost of debt. A key way to estimate the cost of equity is by looking at the beta (or betas) of the company in question, the cost of debt from a measure of default risk (an actual or synthetic rating) and apply the market value weights for debt and equity to come up with the cost of capital.
Probability of success (%)	70%	Research suggests that a suitable rate for a company in this growth stage (i.e. stage 1) is 70%.
Growth stage 2
Discount rate (%)	15%	There are two key risk parameters for a firm that need to be estimated: its cost of equity and its cost of debt. A key way to estimate the cost of equity is by looking at the beta (or betas) of the company in question, the cost of debt from a measure of default risk (an actual or synthetic rating) and apply the market value weights for debt and equity to come up with the cost of capital.
Probability of success (%)	80%	Research suggests that a suitable rate for a company in this growth stage (i.e. stage 2) is 80%.
Growth stage 3
Discount rate (%)	10%	There are two key risk parameters for a firm that need to be estimated: its cost of equity and its cost of debt. A key way to estimate the cost of equity is by looking at the beta (or betas) of the company in question, the cost of debt from a measure of default risk (an actual or synthetic rating) and apply the market value weights for debt and equity to come up with the cost of capital.
Probability of success (%)	100%	Research suggests that a suitable rate for a company in this growth stage (i.e. stage 3) is 100%.
Growth stage 4
Discount rate (%)	10%	There are two key risk parameters for a firm that need to be estimated: its cost of equity and its cost of debt. A key way to estimate the cost of equity is by looking at the beta (or betas) of the company in question, the cost of debt from a measure of default risk (an actual or synthetic rating) and apply the market value weights for debt and equity to come up with the cost of capital.
Probability of success (%)	100%	Research suggests that a suitable rate for a company in this growth stage (i.e. stage 4) is 100%.
Other key inputs
What's the current value of the company?	$38 million	The firm valuation is between $30m and $46m as of January 2023, according to Dealroom.co estimates. The valuation is based on either of: the publicly disclosed value, or an estimate that is based on the last funding round amount, using similar rounds as benchmarks.
Which time period do you want to use to estimate the expected return?	Between now and five years time	Research suggests that following a market crash, the average amount of time it takes for the price of a stock market to return to its pre-crash level (i.e. the recovery period) is at least three years. Accordingly, Stockhub suggests that to account for general market cyclicity, it's best to estimate the expected return of the company between now and five years time.
Which valuation recommendation method do you want to use?	Relative	There's two main types of valuation recommendation methods, relative and absolute. The relative method determines the investment recommendation relative to other investments (e.g. the investment is "suitable" if it's within say the top 10% of the investment universe in terms of investment returns), whereas the absolute method determines the recommendation based on a fixed return amount (e.g. the investment is "suitable" if it returns 50% or more). Assuming sufficient data, the Stockhub users suggest using the relative method.
Which top proportion of the investment universe constitutes a "suitable" rating?	10%	The proportion depends on the user's preference. That said, typically, the higher the proportion, the higher the risk associated with the investment.
Which universe of investments do you want to use?	All investments	If the main objective of the user is to maximise investment returns, then the Stockhub users suggest using 'all investments' as the investment universe.

Sensitivity analysis

The main inputs that result in the greatest change in the expected return of the Arctic Shores investment are, in order of importance (from highest to lowest):

1. The size of the total addressable market (the default size is $1.3 trillion);
2. Arctic Shores peak market share (the default share is 1%); and
3. The discount rate (the default time-weighted average rate is 16.50%).

The impact of a 50% change in those main inputs to the expected return of the Arctic Shores investment is shown in the table below.

Arctic Shores investment expected return sensitivity analysis

Main input	50% worse	Unchanged	50% better
The discount rate	ccc%	ccc%	ccc%
The size of the total addressable market	ccc%	ccc%	ccc%
Arctic Shores peak market share	ccc%	ccc%	ccc%

Actions

To invest in Arctic Shores, click here.

To contact Arctic Shores, click here.

Appendix

Relative valuation approach

As noted earlier in this report, research suggests that in terms of estimating the expected return of an investment over a period of 12-months or more, the approach that is more accurate is the discounted cash flow approach, so that's the approach that Stockhub suggests using to determine the estimated value of the company (the valuation based on the discounted cash flow approach can be found in the valuation section of this report); nevertheless, for completeness purposes, separately, the valuation of the company is also estimated using the relative valuation approach.

What's the expected return of an investment in Arctic Shores using the relative valuation approach?

Stockhub estimates that the expected return of an investment in Arctic Shores over the next five years is 4044%, which equates to an annual return of 111%. In other words, an £1,000 investment in the company is expected to return £5044 in five years time. The assumptions used to estimate the return figure can be found in the table below.

What are the assumptions used to estimate the return figure?

Key inputs

Description	Value	Commentary
Which type of multiple do you want to use?	Growth-adjusted EV/sales	For the numerator, the Stockhub users believe that to account for the different financial leverage levels of its peers, it's best to use enterprise value (EV), rather than price. For the denominator, the Stockhub users believe that because it expects Arctic Shores to reinvest almost all of its revenue back into the business over the five year forecast period and therefore its earnings are expected to be abnormally low over the period, it's best to use sales. Accordingly, the Stockhub users suggest valuing its company using the EV/sales ratio. However, the Stockhub users think that to take into account the different business lifecycle stages of its peers, the most suitable valuation multiple to use is the growth-adjusted EV/sales multiple, rather than the EV/sales multiple.
In regards to the growth-adjusted EV/sales multiple, for the sales figure, which year to you want to use?	Year 5	Stockhub suggests that to account for general market cyclicity, it's best to estimate the expected return of the company between now and five years time.
In regards to the growth-adjusted EV/sales multiple, for the sales growth figure, which year(s) do you want to use?	Year 6, from now	Stockhub suggests that for the sales growth figure, it's best to use Year 6.
In regards to the growth-adjusted EV/sales multiple, what multiple figure do you want to use?	0.19x	In Stockhub's view, Arctic Shores closest peers are AJ Bell, Hargreaves Lansdown, Robinhood Markets, Inc, Avanza Bank Holding AB and The Charles Schwab Corporation.
Which financial forecasts to use?	Stockhub	The only available forecasts are the ones that are supplied by the Stockhub company (the forecasts can be found in the financials section of this report), so Stockhub suggests using those.
What's the current value of the Stockhub company?	$38 million	The firm valuation is between $30m and $46m as of January 2023, according to Dealroom.co estimates. The valuation is based on either of: the publicly disclosed value, or an estimate that is based on the last funding round amount, using similar rounds as benchmarks.
Which time period do you want to use to estimate the expected return?	Between now and five years time	Stockhub suggests that to account for general market cyclicity, it's best to estimate the expected return of the company between now and five years time.
Which valuation recommendation method do you want to use?	Relative	There's two main types of valuation recommendation methods, relative and absolute. The relative method determines the investment recommendation relative to other investments (e.g. the investment is "suitable" if it's within say the top 10% of the investment universe in terms of investment returns), whereas the absolute method determines the recommendation based on a fixed return amount (e.g. the investment is "suitable" if it returns 50% or more). Assuming sufficient data, the Stockhub users suggest using the relative method.
Which top proportion of the investment universe constitutes a "suitable" rating?	10%	The proportion depends on the user's preference. That said, typically, the higher the proportion, the higher the risk associated with the investment.
Which universe of investments do you want to use?	All investments	If the main objective of the user is to maximise investment returns, then the Stockhub users suggest using 'all investments' as the investment universe.

Sensitivity analysis

The main inputs that result in the greatest change in the expected return of the Arctic Shores investment are, in order of importance (from highest to lowest):

1. The growth-adjusted EV/sales multiple (the default multiple 0.19);
2. Arctic Shores Year 5 sales figure (the default figure is £777 million); and
3. Arctic Shores Year 6 sales growth rate (the default rate is 63%).

The impact of a 50% change in those main inputs to the expected return of the Arctic Shores investment is shown in the table below.

Arctic Shores investment expected return sensitivity analysis

Main input	50% worse	Unchanged	50% better
The growth-adjusted EV/sales multiple	ccc%	ccc%	ccc%
Arctic Shores Year 5 sales figure	ccc%	ccc%	ccc%
Arctic Shores Year 6 sales growth rate	ccc%	ccc%	ccc%

Economic links to cash flow patterns

Economic links to cash flow patterns

Cash flow type	Introduction	Growth	Shake out	Mature	Decline
Operating	-	+	+/-	+	-
Investing	-	-	+/-	-	+
Financing	+	+	+/-	-	+/-

Beta risk profile

Beta value	Risk rating
0 to 0.50	Low
0.50 to 1.50	Medium
1.50 to 3.00	High
3.00 and above	Extremely high

Arctic Shores adjusted beta calculation

Date	iShares MSCI World ETF unit price (USD)	Arctic Shores share price (GBP)	iShares MSCI World ETF unit price change (%)	Arctic Shores share price change (%)
01/11/2018	86.21	N/A
01/12/2018	78.87	N/A	-8.51%	N/A
01/01/2019	84.96	N/A	7.72%	N/A
01/02/2019	87.49	N/A	2.98%	N/A
01/03/2019	88.79	N/A	1.49%	N/A
01/04/2019	92.09	N/A	3.72%	N/A
01/05/2019	86.76	N/A	-5.79%	N/A
01/06/2019	91.02	N/A	4.91%	N/A
01/07/2019	91.86	N/A	0.92%	N/A
01/08/2019	89.84	N/A	-2.20%	N/A
01/09/2019	91.78	N/A	2.16%	N/A
01/10/2019	94.12	N/A	2.55%	N/A
01/11/2019	96.76	N/A	2.80%	N/A
01/12/2019	98.78	N/A	2.09%	N/A
01/01/2020	97.73	N/A	-1.06%	N/A
01/02/2020	89.67	N/A	-8.25%	N/A
01/03/2020	77.93	N/A	-13.09%	N/A
01/04/2020	86.36	N/A	10.82%	N/A
01/05/2020	90.7	N/A	5.03%	N/A
01/06/2020	92.14	N/A	1.59%	N/A
01/07/2020	96.65	N/A	4.89%	N/A
01/08/2020	102.96	N/A	6.53%	N/A
01/09/2020	99.52	N/A	-3.34%	N/A
01/10/2020	96.53	N/A	-3.00%	N/A
01/11/2020	108.94	N/A	12.86%	N/A
01/12/2020	112.41	N/A	3.19%	N/A
01/01/2021	111.49	N/A	-0.82%	N/A
01/02/2021	114.27	N/A	2.49%	N/A
01/03/2021	118.49	N/A	3.69%	N/A
01/04/2021	123.61	N/A	4.32%	N/A
01/05/2021	125.6	N/A	1.61%	N/A
01/06/2021	126.57	N/A	0.77%	N/A
01/07/2021	128.83	N/A	1.79%	N/A
01/08/2021	132.02	N/A	2.48%	N/A
01/09/2021	126.46	N/A	-4.21%	N/A
01/10/2021	133.84	N/A	5.84%	N/A
01/11/2021	131.1	N/A	-2.05%	N/A
01/12/2021	135.32	N/A	3.22%	N/A
01/01/2022	128.32	N/A	-5.17%	N/A
01/02/2022	124.58	N/A	-2.91%	N/A
01/03/2022	128.16	N/A	2.87%	N/A
01/04/2022	117.42	N/A	-8.38%	N/A
01/05/2022	117.94	N/A	0.44%	N/A
01/06/2022	106.88	N/A	-9.38%	N/A
01/07/2022	115.57	N/A	8.13%	N/A
01/08/2022	110.28	N/A	-4.58%	N/A
01/09/2022	99.95	N/A	-9.37%	N/A
01/10/2022	107.42	N/A	7.47%	N/A
01/11/2022	115.44	N/A	7.47%	N/A
01/12/2022	109.25	N/A	-5.36%	N/A
01/01/2023	117.01	N/A	7.10%	N/A
01/02/2023	113.98	N/A	-2.59%	N/A
01/03/2023	117.67	N/A	3.24%	N/A
01/04/2023	119.79	N/A	1.80%	N/A
01/05/2023	118.6	N/A	-0.99%	N/A
01/06/2023	124.52	N/A	4.99%	N/A
01/07/2023	128.54	N/A	3.23%	N/A
01/08/2023	125.7	N/A	-2.21%	N/A
01/09/2023	120.17	N/A	-4.40%	N/A
01/10/2023	118.3	N/A	-1.56%	N/A
24/10/2023	118.3	N/A	0.00%	N/A

Arctic Shores beta and adjusted beta value

	Beta	Adjusted beta	Comment(s)
Consistent (monthly) intervals between data points	N/A	N/A	Here, when there is no valuation event, we have assumed that the share price is the same as the previous month, and, therefore, there has been no change in the share price. For example, there was no Arctic Shores valuation event in January 2022, so we have assumed that the valuation of Arctic Shores is the same in January 2022 as the previous month of December 2020, and, therefore, the share price change in January is 0%.
Inconsistent intervals between data points	N/A	N/A	Because there's only two Arctic Shores valuation events, and, therefore, two, available data points, calculating beta based on inconsistent intervals between data points seems to be the best approach.

Funding history

Arctic Shores Funding

Date	Investors	Amount	Pre-money valuation	Round
-	Home	N/A	N/A	- (not yet verified)
Dec 2017	N/A	N/A	N/A	Seed (not yet verified)
Sep 2019	Beringea, Candy Ventures	$5.5m	N/A	Series A
Feb 2020	Tech Nation	N/A	N/A	Support Program
Jan 2022	Standard Treasury	£1.5m	N/A	Debt (not yet verified)
Jan 2023	Beringea, Calculus Capital, Praetura Ventures	£5.8m	N/A	Series B
Total Funding		$13.1m

Date	Total number of issues shared	New shares	Class of shares	Comments
28/06/2013	2	2	Ordinary
28/01/2014	2,000,000	1,999,998	Ordinary	Sub-division of shares.
10/12/2014	2,169,521	169,521	Ordinary
23/06/2016	2,386,883	217,362	Ordinary
23/06/2016	2,864,189	477,306	Ordinary
08/02/2017	2,976,372	112,183	Ordinary
20/06/2017	3,095,715	119,343	Ordinary
04/08/2017	3,286,660	190,945	Ordinary
10/10/2017	3,389,295	102,635	Ordinary
09/07/2018	3,593,670	204,375	Ordinary
18/10/2018	3,969,722	376,052	Ordinary	There's a discrepancy between the total number of shares in this table and in the company's filing (3,969,722 vs. 3,978,195), a difference of 8,473 shares. The 8,473 shares seem to relate to the company Needham Consultancy Ltd and/or to the person James Williams.
22/08/2019	4,025,502	55,780	Ordinary
28/08/2019	4,899,547	874,045	A Ordinary
20/04/2022	5,102,287	202,740	Ordinary
20/04/2022	5,104,674	2,387	Ordinary
20/04/2022	5,112,534	7,860	Ordinary
20/04/2022	5,192,534	80,000	Ordinary
20/04/2022	5,193,158	624	Ordinary
20/04/2022	5,195,206	2,048	Ordinary
21/04/2022	5,195,455	249	Ordinary
21/04/2022	5,195,704	249	Ordinary
05/01/2023	5,211,261	15,557	Ordinary
05/01/2023	5,397,253	185,992	A Ordinary
05/01/2023	5,619,476	222,223	A Ordinary
05/01/2023	6,119,476	500,000	B Ordinary
05/01/2023	6,254,930	135,454	A1 Ordinary
05/01/2023	6,390,384	135,454	A2 Ordinary
05/01/2023	6,810,486	420,102	B1 Ordinary
05/01/2023	7,230,588	420,102	B2 Ordinary
24/02/2023	7,391,699	161,111	A Ordinary
24/02/2023	7,416,587	24,888	A Ordinary
11/04/2023	7,417,835	1,248	Ordinary
11/04/2023	7,418,035	200	Ordinary
25/05/2023	7,418,460	425	Ordinary
25/05/2023	7,418,560	100	Ordinary
29/08/2023	7,429,868	11,308	Ordinary
29/08/2023	7,430,868	1,000	Ordinary
27/09/2023	7,442,549	11,681	Ordinary
27/09/2023	7,443,199	650	Ordinary
Total		7,268,501

Class of shares	Number of shares	Share class proportion of total shares (%)
A Ordinary	1,282,260	17.64%
B Ordinary	500,000	6.88%
Ordinary	4,375,129	60.19%
A1 Ordinary	135,454	1.86%
A2 Ordinary	135,454	1.86%
B1 Ordinary	420,102	5.78%
B2 Ordinary	420,102	5.78%
Total	7,268,501	100.00%

Shareholding as of 28th June 2023

#	Number of shares	Share class	Name
1	1,000,000	Ordinary	Robert Newry
2	1,000,000	Ordinary	Safe Hammad
3	38,543	Ordinary	Andrew Needham
4	54,333	Ordinary	Royston Jeans
5	64,500	Ordinary	Sherief Hammad
6	6,522	Ordinary	Caroline Elliman
7	96,097	Ordinary	Oliver Schrader
8	36,077	Ordinary	Patricia Armstrong
9	170,406	Ordinary	Malcolm Jackson
10	36,069	Ordinary	Geoffrey Bailhache
11	985,937	Ordinary	Candy Ventures Sarl
12	153,234	Ordinary	NT Asset (Cayman) Limited
13	0	Ordinary	R Needham Consultancy Ltd. 74,756 shares have been transferred, on 7th September 2018. To where have the shares been transferred?
14	26,731	Ordinary	Penjuru Capital Pte Ltd.
15	8,473	Ordinary	James Williams
16	38,183	Ordinary	M R Howe
17	26,731	Ordinary	Half Brother Capital Ltd.
18	10,308	Ordinary	J Arkwright
19	12,415	Ordinary	R Graham
20	20,691	Ordinary	R Ronaldshay (Earl of)
21	10,168	Ordinary	R A Sangster
22	50,839	Ordinary	Giles Slinger
23	50,839	Ordinary	Lucy Slinger
24	27,291	Ordinary	Nick Wentworth-Stanley
25	16,946	Ordinary	Martin Elphron and Eugenia Ephson
26	16,946	Ordinary	A Wentworth-Stanley
27	20,691	Ordinary	Maria Nirusha Balaratham Trust
28	21,391	Ordinary	Richard Wingfield
29	16,946	Ordinary	Tower Pension Trustees Ltd.
30	20,691	Ordinary	Jonathan Davie
31	20,691	Ordinary	James Corcoran
32	10,168	Ordinary	Kate Amin
33	12,415	Ordinary	Guy Roxburghe
34	10,168	Ordinary	Guy Sangster
35	10,308	Ordinary	James Dean
36	10,308	Ordinary	Harry Henderson
37	0	Ordinary	Needham Consultancy Ltd. 8,473 shares have been transferred on 6th May 2018. To where have the shares been transferred?
38	9,721	Ordinary	Christopher Milln
39	8,473	Ordinary	Richard Benyon
40	7,866	Ordinary	Atomico Angel Program I, LLC.
41	3,745	Ordinary	Eugenia Ephson
42	24,972	Ordinary	Philip Green
43	713,809	A Ordinary	Proven Growth and Income VCT Plc.
44	382,459	A Ordinary	Proven VCT Plc.
45	7,860	Ordinary	Alastair Frater
46	2,387	Ordinary	Joe Wilson
47	249	Ordinary	Calum Murphy
48	2,048	Ordinary	David Cuthbertson
49	80,624	Ordinary	Lara Montefiori
50	249	Ordinary	Nisha Wasim
51	100	Ordinary	Nathan Braithwaite
52	425	Ordinary	Tom Satterthwaite
53	624	Ordinary	Joel Yusupoff
54	624	Ordinary	Mark Williamson
55	824	Ordinary	Tara Franks
56	3,206	A Ordinary	Robert Newry
57	3,206	A Ordinary	Safe Hammad
58	420,102	B1 Ordinary	Calculus Nominees Ltd.
59	420,102	B2 Ordinary	Calculus Nominees Ltd.
60	350,000	B Ordinary	MNL Nominees Ltd.
61	135,454	A1 Ordinary	Calculus VCT Plc.
62	135,454	A2 Ordinary	Calculus VCT Plc.
63	9,620	A Ordinary	Malcolm Jackson
64	8.017	A Ordinary	NT Asset (Cayman) Limited
65	150,000	B Ordinary	MNL (BBI) Nominees Limited
66	11,224	A Ordinary	Adam Hale
67	92,999	A Ordinary	UK FF Nominees Ltd.
68	4,008	A Ordinary	Sherief Hammad
69	10,422	A Ordinary	Giles Slinger
70	10,422	A Ordinary	Lucy Slinger
71	9,620	A Ordinary	Philip Green
72	6,413	A Ordinary	David Mills
73	4,810	A Ordinary	John Woyton
74	4,008	A Ordinary	Etedal Hammad
75	94,341	Ordinary	Needham Ventures Limited
76	8,017	A Ordinary	Needham Ventures Limited

Aggregated shareholding as of 28th June 2023

#	Shareholder	Number of shares	Proportion of total shares (%)	Comment(s)
1	Robert Newry	1,003,206	13.85%	Robert is one of the co-founders of Arctic Shores. He is also the CEO of the company. Further information about Robert can be found in the 'team' section of the report.
2	Safe Hammad	1,003,206	13.85%	Safe is one of the co-founders of Arctic Shores. He is also an advisor of the company. Further information about Safe can be found in the 'team' section of the report.
3	Candy Ventures Sarl	985,937	13.61%
4	Calculus Nominees Ltd.	840,204	11.60%
5	Proven Growth and Income VCT Plc.	713,809	9.86%
6	Proven VCT Plc.	382,459	5.28%
7	MNL Nominees Ltd.	350,000	4.83%
8	Calculus VCT Plc.	270,908	3.74%
9	Malcolm Jackson	180,026	2.49%
10	NT Asset (Cayman) Limited	153,242	2.12%
11	MNL (BBI) Nominees Limited	150,000	2.07%
12	Needham Ventures Limited	102,358	1.41%
13	Oliver Schrader	96,097	1.33%
14	UK FF Nominees Ltd.	92,999	1.28%
15	Lara Montefiori	80,624	1.11%
16	Sherief Hammad	68,508	0.95%
17	Giles Slinger	61,261	0.85%
18	Lucy Slinger	61,261	0.85%
19	Royston Jeans	54,333	0.75%
20	Andrew Needham	38,543	0.53%
21	M R Howe	38,183	0.53%
22	Patricia Armstrong	36,077	0.50%
23	Geoffrey Bailhache	36,069	0.50%
24	Philip Green	34,592	0.48%	Further information about Philip can be found by clicking here: https://www.linkedin.com/in/philip-green-35b38210/details/experience/
25	Nick Wentworth-Stanley	27,291	0.38%
26	Half Brother Capital Ltd.	26,731	0.37%
27	Penjuru Capital Pte Ltd.	26,731	0.37%
28	Richard Wingfield	21,391	0.30%
29	James Corcoran	20,691	0.29%
30	Jonathan Davie	20,691	0.29%
31	Maria Nirusha Balaratham Trust	20,691	0.29%
32	R Ronaldshay (Earl of)	20,691	0.29%	The title "Earl of Ronaldshay" is a courtesy title for the eldest son and heir of the Marquess of Zetland. The title has been held by different individuals across generations within the Dundas family, with notable holders serving in significant political roles, particularly in relation to British colonial administration in India during the early 20th century​.
33	A Wentworth-Stanley	16,946	0.23%
34	Martin Elphron and Eugenia Ephson	16,946	0.23%
35	Tower Pension Trustees Ltd.	16,946	0.23%
36	Guy Roxburghe	12,415	0.17%
37	R Graham	12,415	0.17%
38	Adam Hale	11,224	0.15%
39	Harry Henderson	10,308	0.14%
40	J Arkwright	10,308	0.14%
41	James Dean	10,308	0.14%
42	Guy Sangster	10,168	0.14%
43	Kate Amin	10,168	0.14%
44	R A Sangster	10,168	0.14%
45	Christopher Milln	9,721	0.13%
46	James Williams	8,473	0.12%
47	Richard Benyon	8,473	0.12%
48	Atomico Angel Program I, LLC.	7,866	0.11%
49	Alastair Frater	7,860	0.11%
50	Caroline Elliman	6,522	0.09%
51	David Mills	6,413	0.09%
52	John Woyton	4,810	0.07%
53	Etedal Hammad	4,008	0.06%
54	Eugenia Ephson	3,745	0.05%
55	Joe Wilson	2,387	0.03%
56	David Cuthbertson	2,048	0.03%
57	Tara Franks	824	0.01%
58	Joel Yusupoff	624	0.01%
59	Mark Williamson	624	0.01%
60	Tom Satterthwaite	425	0.01%
61	Calum Murphy	249	0.00%
62	Nisha Wasim	249	0.00%
63	Nathan Braithwaite	100	0.00%
	Total	7,242,551	100.00%

Additional information

The company misspelled its name as "Artic Shores Limited" on the official incorporation filing documents, but realised and corrected the error to "Arctic Shores Limited" within four days.

Arctic Shores peer(s)

	Arctic Shores Limited	Sova Assessment Limited						Average (median)
Relative valuation data
Local currency	GBP	GBP						N/A
Current market capitalisation (local currency, million)								N/A
Year ago sales								N/A
Current sales								N/A
Sales growth rate (%)								N/A
Current cash								N/A
Current debt								N/A
Relative valuation metrics
Enterprise value/sales	N/A	N/A
Growth-adjusted enterprise value/sales ratio	N/A	N/A
Absolute valuation data
Lifecycle growth stage	Stage 1 (of 4)	Stage 1 (of 4)						N/A
Cost of goods sold as a proportion of revenue (%)
Operating expenses as a proportion of revenue (%)
Tax rate (%)
Depreciation and amortisation rate (%)
Fixed Capital Investment (FCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)
Working Capital Investment (WCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)
Net borrowing as a proportion of revenue (%)
Interest expense as a proportion of revenue (%)

Key metrics for different stages of the business lifecycle

	Stage 1	Stage 2	Stage 3	Stage 4
Cost of goods sold as a proportion of revenue (%)				36.13%
Operating expenses as a proportion of revenue (%)				174.39%
Tax rate (%)				(1.94)%
Depreciation and amortisation rate (%)				47.29%
Fixed Capital Investment (FCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)				6.25%
Working Capital Investment (WCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)				2.13%
Net borrowing as a proportion of revenue (%)				0%
Interest expense as a proportion of revenue (%)				0%

Stage 1

	Arctic Shores Limited	Sova Assessment Limited		Median
Cost of goods sold as a proportion of revenue (%)
Operating expenses as a proportion of revenue (%)
Tax rate (%)
Depreciation and amortisation rate (%)
Fixed Capital Investment (FCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)
Working Capital Investment (WCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)
Net borrowing as a proportion of revenue (%)
Interest expense as a proportion of revenue (%)

Stage 2

				Median
Cost of goods sold as a proportion of revenue (%)
Operating expenses as a proportion of revenue (%)
Tax rate (%)
Depreciation and amortisation rate (%)
Fixed Capital Investment (FCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)
Working Capital Investment (WCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)
Net borrowing as a proportion of revenue (%)
Interest expense as a proportion of revenue (%)

Stage 3

				Median
Cost of goods sold as a proportion of revenue (%)
Operating expenses as a proportion of revenue (%)
Tax rate (%)
Depreciation and amortisation rate (%)
Fixed Capital Investment (FCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)
Working Capital Investment (WCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)
Net borrowing as a proportion of revenue (%)
Interest expense as a proportion of revenue (%)

Stage 4

				Median
Cost of goods sold as a proportion of revenue (%)
Operating expenses as a proportion of revenue (%)
Tax rate (%)
Depreciation and amortisation rate (%)
Fixed Capital Investment (FCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)
Working Capital Investment (WCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)
Net borrowing as a proportion of revenue (%)
Interest expense as a proportion of revenue (%)

Sova Assessment Limited

Year	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Period end date	31/03/2016	31/03/2017	31/03/2018	31/03/2019	31/03/2020	31/03/2021	31/03/2022
Period duration (days)	366	365	365	365	366	365	365
	Historic	Historic	Historic	Historic	Historic	Historic	Historic
Profit and loss
Turnover						2,497,334	3,891,612
Gross profit						1,791,902	3,032,458
Operating profit/(loss)						(1,897,229)	(3,050,532)
Interest receivable and similar income						7	0
Interest payable and similar expenses						(231,580)	(293,605)
Net interest						(231,573)	(293,605)
Profit Before Tax						(2,128,802)	(3,344,137)
Tax on loss						350,000	10,402
Profit for the period						(1,778,802)	(3,333,735)
Balance sheet
Assets
Non-current assets
Goodwill
Other intangible assets
Property, plant and equipment
Deferred tax assets
Current assets
Investments
Trade and other receivables
Cash and cash equivalents (£'million)
Current tax assets
Total current assets
Liabilities
Non-current liabilities
Debt (£'million)
Current liabilities
Trade and other payables
Total current liabilities
Net assets
Cash flow statement
Net cash from/(used in) operating activities
Investing activities
Decrease in term deposits
Purchase of property, plant and equipment
Purchase of intangible assets
Proceeds on disposal of subsidiary
Proceeds/(purchase) on disposal of investments
Net cash from/(used in) investing activities
Financing activities
Purchase of own shares in EBT
Proceeds on sale of own shares in EB
Payment of principal in relation to lease liabilities
Dividends paid to owners of the parent
Net cash from/(used in) financing activities
Revenue breakdown
Ongoing revenue
Platform fees
Fund management fees
Ongoing advice charges
Interest earned on client money
Renewal commission
Transactional revenue
Fees on stockbroking transactions
Initial advice charges
Other transactional income
Operating costs
Depreciation of owned plant and equipment and right-of-use assets
Amortisation of other intangible assets
Impairment of intangible assets
Marketing costs
Operating lease rentals payable – property
Office running costs – excluding operating lease rents payable
FSCS costs
Dealing and financial services costs
Data and technology costs
Legal and professional costs
Other operating costs
Staff (including contractors) costs
Total
Metrics
Cost of goods sold as a proportion of revenue (%)						28.25%	22.08%
Operating expenses as a proportion of revenue (%)						(75.97)%	(78.39)%
Tax rate (%)						(14.01)%	(0.27)%
Depreciation and amortisation rate (%)
Fixed Capital Investment (FCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)
Working Capital Investment (WCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)
Net borrowing as a proportion of revenue (%)
Interest expense as a proportion of revenue (%)

AJ Bell Plc

	30/09/2018	30/09/2019	30/09/2020	30/09/2021	30/09/2022	30/09/2023	30/09/2024
	Historic	Historic	Historic	Historic	Historic	Forecast	Forecast
Profit and loss
Revenue (£'000)
Administrative expenses
Operating profit
Investment income
Finance costs
Profit before tax
Tax expense
Profit for the financial year attributable to:
Equity holders of the Parent Company
Earnings per share:
Basic (pence)
Diluted (pence)
Balance sheet
Assets
Non-current assets
Goodwill
Other intangible assets
Property, plant and equipment
Right-of-use assets
Deferred tax asset
Current assets
Trade and other receivables
Current tax receivable
Cash and cash equivalents (£'000)
Total assets
Liabilities
Current liabilities
Trade and other payables
Lease liabilities
Provisions
Non-current liabilities
Lease liabilities
Provisions
Total liabilities
Net assets
Equity
Share capital
Share premium
Own shares
Retained earnings
Total equity
Cash flow statement
Cash flows from operating activities
Profit for the financial year
Adjustments for:
Investment income
Finance costs
Income tax expense
Depreciation and amortisation
Share-based payment expense
Decrease in provisions and other payables
Loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment
Profit on disposal of right-of-use assets
Increase in trade and other receivables
Increase / (decrease) in trade and other payables
Cash generated from operations
Income tax paid
Interest expense paid
Net cash from/(used in) operating activities
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchase of other intangible assets
Purchase of property, plant and equipment
Acquisition of subsidiary, net of cash acquired
Interest received
Net cash from/(used in) investing activities
Cash flows from financing activities
Payments of principal in relation to lease liabilities
Payments of interest on lease liabilities
Proceeds from issue of share capital
Dividends paid
Net cash from/(used in) financing activities
Metrics
Cost of goods sold as a proportion of revenue (%)
Operating expenses as a proportion of revenue (%)
Tax rate (%)
Depreciation and amortisation rate (%)
Fixed Capital Investment (FCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)
Working Capital Investment (WCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)
Net borrowing as a proportion of revenue (%)
Interest expense as a proportion of revenue (%)

Trading 212 Group Limited

Year	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Year end date	31/12/2015	31/12/2016	31/12/2017	31/12/2018	31/12/2019	31/12/2020	31/12/2021
	Historic	Historic	Historic	Historic	Historic	Historic	Historic
Profit and loss
Revenue (£'000)
Gross profit (£'000)
Other operating income
Administrative expenses
Profit from operations
Finance income
Finance expense
Profit before tax
Tax expense
Profit for the year
Exchange (losses)/gains arising on translation on foreign operations
Total comprehensive income
Balance sheet
Assets
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment
Intangible assets
Investment in associates
Trade and other receivables
Deferred tax assets
Current assets
Trade and other receivables
Cash and cash equivalents
Current asset investments
Total assets
Liabilities
Non-current liabilities
Loans and borrowings
Current liabilities
Trade and other payables
Loans and borrowings
Total liabilities
Net assets
Issued capital and reserves attributable to owners of the parent
Share capital
Foreign exchange reserves
Other reserves
Retained earnings
Total equity
Cash flow statement
Cash flows from operating activities
Profit for the year
Adjustments for:
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment
Amortisation of intangible fixed assets
Interest and other finance income
Interest and other finance expenses
Loss/(gain) on sale of property, plant and equipment
Foreign exchange gain/(loss) of revaluation of assets
Foreign exchange (loss)/gain on consolidation
Interest paid
Interest received
Income tax expense
Movements in working capital:
Decrease/(increase) in trade and other receivables
Increase in current asset investments
Increase in trade and other payables
Cash generated from operations
Income tax paid
Net cash from/(used in) operating activities
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of property, plant and equipment
Purchases of intangible assets
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment
Net cash from/(used in) investing activities
Cash flows from financing activities
Finance lease payments
New finance leases
Loan repayments
Loans received
Net cash from/(used in) financing activities
Metrics
Cost of goods sold as a proportion of revenue (%)
Operating expenses as a proportion of revenue (%)
Tax rate (%)
Depreciation and amortisation rate (%)
Fixed Capital Investment (FCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)
Working Capital Investment (WCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)
Net borrowing as a proportion of revenue (%)
Interest expense as a proportion of revenue (%)

Robinhood Markets, Inc.

	31/12/2018	31/12/2019	31/12/2020	31/12/2021	31/12/2022
	Historic	Historic	Historic	Historic	Historic
Profit and loss
Revenues:
Transaction-based revenues
Net interest revenues
Other revenues
Total net revenues
Operating expenses:
Brokerage and transaction
Technology and development
Operations
Marketing
General and administrative
Total operating expenses
Change in fair value of convertible notes and warrant liability
Other (income) expense, net
Income (loss) before income taxes
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes
Net income (loss)
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders:
Basic
Diluted
Net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders:
Basic
Diluted
Weighted-average shares used to compute net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders:
Basic
Diluted
Balance sheet
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash segregated under federal and other regulations
Receivables from brokers, dealers, and clearing organizations
Receivables from users, net
Securities borrowed
Deposits with clearing organizations
Asset related to user cryptocurrencies safeguarding obligation
User-held fractional shares
Prepaid expenses
Other current assets
Total current assets
Property, software, and equipment, net
Goodwill
Intangible assets, net
Non-current prepaid expenses
Other non-current assets
Total assets
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued expenses
Payables to users
Securities loaned
User cryptocurrencies safeguarding obligation
Fractional shares repurchase obligation
Other current liabilities
Total current liabilities
Other non-current liabilities
Total liabilities
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders’ equity:
Additional paid-in capital
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
Accumulated deficit
Total stockholders’ equity
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Cash flow statement
Operating activities:
Net income (loss)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization
Net cash from/(used in) operating activities
Investing activities:
Purchase of property, software, and equipment
Capitalization of internally developed software
Acquisitions of a business, net of cash acquired
Purchase of investments
Sales of investments
Other
Net cash from/(used in) investing activities
Financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock in connection with initial public offering, net of offering costs
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards
Proceeds from issuance of convertible notes and warrants
Draws on credit facilities
Repayments on credit facilities
Payments of debt issuance costs
Proceeds from issuance of redeemable convertible preferred stock, net of issuance costs
Proceeds from exercise of stock options, net of repurchases
Net cash from/(used in) financing activities
Metrics
Cost of goods sold as a proportion of revenue (%)
Operating expenses as a proportion of revenue (%)
Tax rate (%)
Depreciation and amortisation rate (%)
Fixed Capital Investment (FCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)
Working Capital Investment (WCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)
Net borrowing as a proportion of revenue (%)
Interest expense as a proportion of revenue (%)

Blackberry

	28/02/2019	28/02/2020	28/02/2021	28/02/2022	28/02/2023
	Historic	Historic	Historic	Historic	Historic
Profit and loss
Revenue			893	718	656
Cost of sales			250	251	237
Gross margin			643	467	419
Operating expenses
Research and development			215	219	207
Selling, marketing and administration			344	297	340
Amortization			182	165	96
Impairment of goodwill			594	0	245
Impairment of long-lived assets			43	0	235
Gain on sale of property, plant and equipment, net			0	0	(6)
Debentures fair value adjustment			372	(212)	(138)
Litigation settlement			0	0	165
			1,750	469	1,144
Operating loss			(1,107)	(2)	(725)
Investment income (loss), net			(6)	21	5
Income (loss) before income taxes			(1,113)	19	(720)
Provision for (recovery of) income taxes			(9)	7	14
Net income (loss)			(1,104)	12	(734)
Earnings (loss) per share
Basic			(1.97)	0.02	(1.27)
Diluted			(1.97)	(0.31)	(1.35)
Balance sheet
Assets
Current
Cash and cash equivalents				378	295
Short-term investments				334	131
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $1 and $4, respectively				138	120
Other receivables				25	12
Income taxes receivable				9	3
Other current assets				159	182
				1,043	743
Restricted cash and cash equivalents				28	27
Long-term investments				30	34
Other long-term assets				9	8
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net				50	44
Property, plant and equipment, net				41	25
Goodwill				844	595
Intangible assets, net				522	203
				2,567	1,679
Liabilities
Current
Accounts payable				22	24
Accrued liabilities				157	143
Income taxes payable				11	20
Debentures				0	367
Deferred revenue, current				207	175
				397	729
Deferred revenue, non-current				37	40
Operating lease liabilities				66	52
Other long-term liabilities				4	1
Long-term debentures				507	0
				1,011	822
Commitments and contingencies
Shareholders' equity
Capital stock and additional paid-in capital
Preferred shares: authorized unlimited number of non-voting, cumulative, redeemable and retractable				0	0
Common shares: authorized unlimited number of non-voting, redeemable, retractable Class A common shares and unlimited number of voting common shares
Issued and outstanding - 582,157,203 voting common shares (February 28, 2022 - 576,227,898)				2,869	2,909
Deficit				(1,294)	(2,028)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss				(19)	(24)
				1,556	857
				2,567	1,679
Cash flow statement
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income (loss)			(1,104)	12	(734)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Amortization			198	176	105
Stock-based compensation			44	36	34
Gain on sale of investment			0	(22)	0
Impairment of goodwill			594	0	245
Impairment of long-lived assets			43	0	235
Gain on sale of property, plant and equipment, net			0	0	(6)
Debentures fair value adjustment			372	(212)	(138)
Operating leases			(4)	(16)	(16)
Other			(5)	(3)	(5)
Net changes in working capital items
Accounts receivable, net of allowance			29	44	18
Other receivables			(11)	0	13
Income taxes receivable			(4)	1	6
Other assets			55	15	(1)
Accounts payable			(11)	2	2
Accrued liabilities			(20)	(16)	(11)
Income taxes payable			(15)	5	9
Deferred revenue			(79)	(50)	(29)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities			82	(28)	(263)
Cash flows from investing activities
Acquisition of long-term investments			(5)	(1)	(3)
Proceeds on sale, maturity or distribution from long-term investments			0	35	0
Acquisition of property, plant and equipment			(8)	(8)	(7)
Proceeds on sale of property, plant and equipment			0	0	17
Acquisition of intangible assets			(36)	(31)	(34)
Acquisition of short-term investments			(1,039)	(916)	(514)
Acquisition of restricted short-term investments			(24)	0	0
Proceeds on sale or maturity of restricted short-term investments			0	24	0
Proceeds on sale or maturity of short-term investments			1,047	1,104	717
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities			(65)	207	176
Cash flows from financing activities
Issuance of common shares			19	10	6
Payment of finance lease liability			(1)	0	0
Repurchase of 3.75% Debentures			(610)	0	0
Issuance of 1.75% Debentures			365	0	0
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities			(227)	10	6
Effect of foreign exchange gain (loss) on cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents			2	(1)	(3)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents during the period			(208)	188	(84)
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents, beginning of period			426	218	406
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents, end of period			218	406	322
Metrics
Cost of goods sold as a proportion of revenue (%)			28.00%	34.96%	36.13%
Operating expenses as a proportion of revenue (%)			195.97%	65.32%	174.39%
Tax rate (%)			0.81%	36.84%	-1.94%
Depreciation and amortisation rate (%)				31.61%	47.29%
Fixed Capital Investment (FCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)			4.93%	5.43%	6.25%
Working Capital Investment (WCInv) as a proportion of revenue (%)				89.97%	2.13%
Net borrowing as a proportion of revenue (%)				0%	0%
Interest expense as a proportion of revenue (%)				0%	0%

Cost of equity

Cost of equity (%)

Input	Input value	Additional information
Risk-free rate (%)	5.061%	Here, the risk free rate is the US 30 year treasury bond, and is calculated as at 26th October 2023. Research suggests that for the risk-free rate, it's best to use one that has the same or similar maturity to the estimated remaining lifespan of the company. Here, we have assumed that the estimated lifespan of the company is 50 years, so we have used the longest maturity, which is 30 years.
Beta	7.0	Here, to estimate the adjusted beta, we used the iShares MSCI World ETF to represent the market portfolio; and in terms of the time period and frequency of observations, we used five years of monthly data (i.e. 60 observations in total), which is supported by a study and is the most common choice. The beta value in a future period has been found to be on average closer to the mean value of 1.0, and because valuation is forward-looking, it is logical to adjust the raw beta so it more accurately predicts a future beta.
Equity risk premium (%)	7.13%	Here, the equity risk premium is in relation to the global region, and is calculated as at 1st July 2023. Research suggests that for the region of equity risk premium, it's best to use one that is the same or similar to the region of the beta market portfolio. Here, the region of the beta market portfolio is the world/global, so we have used the world/global region for the equity risk premium.
Cost of equity (%)	54.971%	Cost of equity = Risk-free rate + Beta x Equity risk premium.

Assessment scheme of one of the start-ups to adjust the basic beta coefficient

Assessment scheme of one of the start-ups to adjust the basic beta coefficient

Category	Subcategory	Adjustment of the beta coefficient					Result
		+1	+0.5	0	-0.5	-1
Technology	Maturity of technology	Technology still in initial experimental phase	Technology successful on a laboratory scale	Technology successful in pilot plant	Technology successful in demo plant	Technology successful in technical application	-1.0
	Advantages compared to competitive technologies	No advantages identified	Advantages not clearly identifiable	Costs or quality advantages identifiable	Costs and quality advantages identifiable	Significant costs and quality advantages identifiable	+1.0
	Reputation of scientist	No reputation	Poor reputation	Moderate reputation	Good reputation	Very good reputation	+1.0
	Patent protection	No patent application	First patent application filed	Basic patent close to being granted	Basic patent granted	Extensive portfolio of granted patents	+1.0
Products	Product benefits	Product benefits not identifiable	Product benefits not clearly identifiable	Product benefits clearly identifiable	Product benefits confirmed by first clients	Product benefits confirmed by numerous clients	+1.0
	Unique selling proposition	Unique selling proposition not identifiable	Unique selling proposition not clearly identifiable	Unique selling proposition clearly identifiable	Unique selling proposition confirmed by first clients	Unique selling proposition confirmed by numerous clients	+1.0
	Scalability	Very low scalability	Low scalability	Moderate scalability	High scalability	Very high scalability	-1.0
	Competition	Currently strong competition	Potentially strong competition	Moderate competition	Low competition	Long-term low competition	+1.0
Implementation	Business plan	Business plan unjustifiable	Business plan with open questions	Business plan plausible	Business plan occasionally proven	Business plan frequently proven	+0.5
	Technical development plan	Technical development plan unjustifiable	Technical development plan difficult to justify	Technical development plan justifiable	Technical development plan likely to be feasible	Technical development plan very likely to be feasible	+0.5
	Marketing plan	Marketing plan unjustifiable	Marketing plan difficult to justify	Marketing plan justifiable	Marketing plan likely to be feasible	Marketing plan very likely to be feasible	+0.5
	Business development plan	Business development plan unjustifiable	Business development plan difficult to justify	Business development plan justifiable	Business development plan likely to be feasible	Business development plan very likely to be feasible	+0.5
Organisation'	Competences of the management team	Management team with major flaws	Management team with some flaws	Management team is complete	Management team is complete and competent	Management team is complete and very competent Headquarters location has many advantages	0.0
	Headquarters location	Headquarters location problematic	Headquarters location can be improved	Headquarters location is fine	Headquarters location has advantages		-0.5
	Competences of advisory board	Very low level of competences of advisory board/ consultants	Low level of competences of advisory board/ consultants	Moderate level of competences of advisory board/consultants	High level of competences of advisory board/ consultants	Very high level of competences of advisory board/consultants	-0.5
	Process efficiency	Process inefficient	Process not very efficient	Process efficient	Process very efficient	Process exceptionally efficient	0.0
Finances	Sales plan	Sales plan unjustifiable	Sales plan difficult to justify	Sales plan justifiable	Sales plan conservative	Sales plan very conservative	+0.5
	Costs plan	Costs plan unjustifiable	Costs plan difficult to justify	Costs plan justifiable	Costs plan conservative	Costs plan very conservative	+0.5
	Profitability	Fundamentally low profitability	Risk of low profitability	Average profitability	Currently high profitability	Fundamentally high profitability	1.0
	Liquidity plan	Financial resources for next year are not secured	Financial resources for next year are secured	Financial resources for next 2 years are secured	Financial resources for next 3 years are secured	Financial resources for next 4 years are secured	0.0
Total							7.0