Editing Morningstar, Inc.

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Morningstar, Inc. provides <!-- Given that Morningstar also invests in investments (presumably in some/all of the investments on which it produces research), I wonder how independent the research really is. -->investment research services in North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia. The company offers web-based tools; investment data, fundamental equity and manager research, private capital markets research, credit and fund rating, and index, as well as environmental, social, and governance (ESG) rating services; and investment offerings, including managed investment products, publicly listed and private companies, fixed income securities, and real-time global market data for financial advisors, asset managers, retirement plan providers and sponsors, and individual and institutional investors. It also provides Morningstar Data, an investment data spanning various databases, including equity fundamentals, managed investments, ESG factors, and market data; Morningstar Direct, an investment-analysis platform; Morningstar Managed Portfolios, an advisor service consisting of model portfolio that offers services for independent financial advisors, as well as offers asset allocation services for asset managers, broker/dealers, and insurance providers; Morningstar Advisor Workstation, a web-based research, financial planning, and proposal generation platform; and Morningstar.com, a website for individual investors. In addition, the company offers Morningstar Enterprise Components; Morningstar Credit Ratings that provides issuance and surveillance services for structured finance products and instruments; corporate credit estimates and operational risk assessment rankings; Morningstar Indexes for creating investment products; Morningstar workplace solutions, such as retirement accounts, fiduciary services, allocation funds, and custom models; and PitchBook Platform, research and analysis workstation for investment and research professionals. Further, its PitchBook provides a mobile application, excel plug-in, data feeds, and data solutions. The company was incorporated in 1984 and is headquartered in Chicago, Illinois.

== Operations ==
Morningstar, Inc. is a leading provider of independent investment research in North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia. Its core competencies are data, research, and design, and it employ each of these to create products that clearly convey complex investment information. It started with affordable publications for individuals, then moved to creating technology solutions for professionals to help them research and select investments for clients. Today, it offers a variety of products and solutions that serve market participants of all kinds, including individual and institutional investors in public and private capital markets, financial advisors, asset managers, retirement plan providers and sponsors, and issuers of securities. It also applies its investing philosophy to managing assets for clients who prefer not to make investment decisions themselves. Since its founding in 1984, it's expanded its presence in global markets where investors need an independent view they can trust.

The company helps investors in two primary ways. First, it supports asset managers, individual and institutional investors, and financial advisors who make their own investment decisions with an extensive product line of desktop and web-based tools, investment data, ratings, and research that helps investors make informed choices and advisors make suitable and compliant recommendations. Morningstar's customers have access to a wide selection of investment data, fundamental equity research, manager research, private capital markets research, credit ratings, environmental, social and governance (ESG) ratings, fund ratings, and indexes directly on its proprietary desktop or web-based software platforms, or through subscriptions, data feeds, and third-party distributors.

Second, Morningstar provides investment management services, investment analysis platforms, and portfolio management and accounting software tools to advisors and financial institutions. Its managed portfolio offerings help financial institutions deliver investor-friendly products based on its valuation-driven, fundamentals-based approach to investing. Applying its expertise in asset allocation, investment selection, and portfolio construction, Morningstar's global investment team creates long-term investment strategies built on its data and ratings. It helps retirement plan sponsors build high-quality savings programs for employees. Its financial technology offerings allow advisors to continually demonstrate their value to clients, from creating an initial investment proposal to reporting portfolio performance and providing automated rebalancing tools. Investors also use its indexes as benchmarks, to create investable products based off its proprietary research, or to construct portfolios using customized indexes.

Through DBRS Morningstar, Morningstar also provides independent credit ratings services for financial institutions, corporate and sovereign entities, and structured finance products and instruments. Through Sustainalytics, issuers of green bonds can also obtain Second-Party Opinions, which facilitate alignment with industry standards for sustainable finance.

While other companies may offer research, ratings, data, software products, indexes, or investment management services, Morningstar is one of the few companies that can deliver all of these with the best interest of the investor in mind. The company believes that its primary goal of putting investors first, combined with the way that it uses design and technology to communicate complex financial information, sets it apart from its peers in the financial services industry.

=== Offerings ===
Its independence and its history of innovation make it a trusted resource for investors. Morningstar’s research covers a wide range of investment offerings, including managed investment products, publicly listed companies, private companies, fixed-income securities, and real-time global market data. It focuses its data and research efforts on several areas:

'''''Manager research (including mutual funds, exchange-traded funds, separately-managed accounts, and other vehicles)'''''

Morningstar has been providing independent analyst research on managed investment strategies since the mid-1980s. It uses this analysis to provide research reports and qualitative, forward-looking Morningstar Analyst Ratings for approximately 4,900 mutual funds, ETFs, separately managed accounts, and collective investment trusts (CITs) globally spanning more than 24,000 share classes. It also offers the Morningstar Quantitative Rating, which is a forward-looking rating that uses algorithmic techniques to evaluate mutual funds that significantly expands the breadth of its forward-looking ratings to an additional 50,000 funds and over 370,000 share classes worldwide. The Morningstar Quantitative Rating employs machine learning to infer patterns from the way Morningstar’s manager research analysts assign ratings to funds and then applies those learnings to rate funds that the analysts don’t cover. This analysis augments other quantitative ratings and analytics, such as the Morningstar Rating for funds (the “star rating”), which ranks managed investment strategies such as mutual funds based on their past risk-adjusted performance versus peers. It also publishes qualitative research and ratings on state-sponsored college-savings plans, target-date funds, and health-savings accounts.

In addition, the Morningstar Style Box visually depicts a strategy’s underlying investment style, making it easier to compare investments and build portfolios. The star rating and style box have become important tools that millions of investors and advisors use in making investment decisions.

It also offers the Morningstar Sustainability Rating and Low Carbon Risk Designation to help investors evaluate funds based on ESG factors.

As of December 31, 2021, Morningstar had more than 125 manager research analysts globally, including teams in North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia.

'''''Equity research'''''

As part of its research efforts on individual stocks, Morningstar popularized the concepts of economic moat, a measure of competitive advantage originally developed by Warren Buffett, and margin of safety, which reflects the size of the discount in a stock's price relative to its estimated value. The Morningstar Rating for stocks is based on the stock's current price relative to our analyst-generated fair value estimates, as well as the company's level of business risk and economic moat. Its analysts cover approximately 1,500 companies using a consistent, proprietary methodology that focuses on fundamental analysis, competitive advantage assessment, and intrinsic value estimation. Morningstar’s data and research on publicly traded companies is used extensively in its offerings, such as institutional equity research, Morningstar Indexes such as the Morningstar Wide Moat Focus Index, its Global Market Barometer, and as a basis for equity portfolio strategies used in Morningstar Managed Portfolios.

Morningstar adheres to a globally consistent framework that integrates ESG risk into its equity research. Analysts identify valuation-relevant risks for each company using Sustainalytics' ESG Risk Ratings, which measure a company's exposure to material ESG risks, and then evaluate the probability that those risks materialize and the associated valuation impact. Results from this research inform Morningstar's assessment of a stock's intrinsic value and the margin of safety required before assigning a Morningstar Rating for stocks.

PitchBook’s Institutional Research Group is a provider of investment strategy, fund performance and industry research. The group leverages PitchBook’s proprietary data, such as valuations, deal multiples, and fund returns, to deliver analysis that allows clients to quickly gauge trends, map industries, and identify notable company sets in the private capital markets. As of December 31, 2021, the team provides coverage of the private equity, venture capital, real assets and private credit asset classes. PitchBook also provides full-time analyst coverage of emerging technology industries, delivering comprehensive assessments of disruptive sectors to help clients better segment and size markets, understand company and investor landscapes, evaluate opportunities and develop conviction around the growth trajectories of emerging industries.

As of December 31, 2021, Morningstar had over 130 public equity analysts and over 30 private markets analysts globally, making the company one of the largest providers of independent equity research. In addition to its analyst-driven coverage, Morningstar provides quantitative ratings and reports for approximately 57,000 publicly traded companies across Morningstar's offerings and cover 3.3 million privately-held companies through the PitchBook Platform.

'''''Credit ratings'''''

DBRS Morningstar provides global credit ratings as the world’s fourth largest credit rating agency. The company rates more than 3,000 issuers and 60,000 securities worldwide, providing independent credit ratings for financial institutions, corporate and sovereign entities, and structured finance products and instruments. Its goal is to bring more clarity, diversity, and responsiveness to the ratings process. Its approach and size provide the agility to respond to customers’ needs with the necessary expertise and resources.

In addition to ratings and research opinions, DBRS Morningstar also offers data derived from its ratings activities and analytical tools. These include ratings data feeds that can be integrated into companies’ internal databases, web-based research, and analytical tools. It also offers DBRS Viewpoint, which is an interactive platform that provides access to commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) transaction information and research reports, as well as commentary and work-product for DBRS Morningstar rated deals.

As of December 31, 2021, the company had 480 credit rating analysts and analytical support staff based in the United States (U.S.)., Canada, the United Kingdom, Europe, and India.

'''''ESG ratings'''''

Sustainalytics’ ESG Risk Ratings empower investors with a consistent approach to assessing financially material ESG risks that could affect the long-term performance of their investments at the security, fund, and portfolio levels. Built on a transparent rules-based methodology, the ratings introduce a single measurement unit to assess ESG risks across material ESG topics. Unlike other ESG ratings that are based on a relative, best-in-class approach, Sustainalytics’ ESG Risk Ratings consist of ESG data that provides a powerful signal of a company’s absolute ESG risk that is comparable across peers and sub-industries while allowing for aggregation at the portfolio level. As of December 31, 2021, the company rated more than 20,000 companies worldwide, and offered more than 14,000 ESG Risk Ratings free to the public so that any investor can benefit from its research.

As of December 31, 2021, the company had more than 500 ESG ratings analysts based in the U.S., Canada, Europe, and Asia.

'''''Portfolio advice methodologies'''''

Since the beginning, Morningstar has provided individual investors with tools to monitor their own investments, such as the Ownership Zone, Sector Delta, and Portfolio X-Ray. These do-it-yourself applications allow investors to see how different investments work together to form a portfolio and to track its progress. Morningstar also continues to improve its total wealth approach to investing and asset allocation capabilities, which are mainly used in the investment management products it offer to professional investors. Morningstar also looks for ways to infuse these capabilities into decision support tools. Whereas traditional asset allocation methodologies focus solely on financial assets (such as stocks and bonds), Morningstar's investment management group has developed methodologies that provide a more holistic view of all sources of wealth, including financial capital, human capital, housing assets, and retirement and pension benefits. Its investment management group offers in-depth advice on asset allocation, portfolio construction, and security selection to meet the needs of investors and professionals looking for integrated portfolio solutions. It's also published research on "gamma," an innovative measure that quantifies how much additional retirement income investors can generate by making better financial planning decisions. 

=== People ===
Its people is one of Morningstar’s most important assets, and the company is committed to fostering an inclusive community where its employees thrive. Its success depends on the values and performance of its people, and it supports them through a range of initiatives in the areas of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI), engagement, and professional growth.

As of December 31, 2021, Morningstar had 9,556 permanent, full-time employees around the world. Approximately 34% of its employees work in India, 31% in the U.S., 10% in Continental Europe, 9% in China, 6% in Canada, 6% in the United Kingdom, and the remainder in Australia, Asia, and other regions. Its U.S.-based employees are not represented by any unions or other collective bargaining arrangements, and it has never experienced a walkout or strike.

=== ''Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion'' ===
Morningstar believes that diverse teams make better decisions, and contend that a collective mixture of different backgrounds, beliefs, and experiences makes Morningstar a stronger firm. Its goal is to create a more transparent and inclusive financial system. As a global employer, its aim is to build an inclusive environment that encourages open deliberation and unique perspectives, driving creativity, innovation, and better business outcomes. It is doing this with clear objectives, education, and data-driven recruiting, hiring, retention, and employee experience programs.

As of December 31, 2021, approximately 42% of our employees are female. As of the same date, 50% of its board of directors are female. In the U.S., where Morningstar is currently able to collect information on racial identity, its employee population identifies as approximately 68% White, 22% Asian, 5% Hispanic, 3% Black, and 2% Mixed Race.

'''''Employee Engagement''''' 

Morningstar recognises the importance of data in assessing its workplace culture and employee engagement. In recent years, it has built robust feedback mechanisms to understand the experience of its colleagues around the globe and to track changes in perceptions, experience, and culture. It tracks the company's attrition or “turnover” rate as an indication of employee commitment and longevity. In 2021, Morningstar's average turnover rate increased to 18.5% from 11.8% in 2020 for all permanent employees globally, reflecting the wider trend of workers rethinking their expectations of work at companies across the world. Even in times of labour market upheaval, year-to-year data shows that its employees continue to respond favourably to questions on topics such as motivation, intent to stay, and overall satisfaction. Based on its internal quarterly measure in December 2021, Morningstar’s overall engagement score increased slightly to 81% from 80% in 2020, continuing the upward trend from 73% in 2019.

Morningstar believes that an attractive benefits and total rewards package, which includes a voluntary equity ownership program, promotes employee engagement by supporting the financial, emotional, and physical well-being of its employees. It's also proud of its sabbatical program, which is available globally to all employees once every four years of service, and varies between two and six weeks in duration depending on office location and local legal parameters.

In 2021, Morningstar researched and enhanced individual benefit programs in multiple locations, including improvements to its retirement benefits in many countries, expanding our Employee Assistance Program benefits into European regions and India, funding an annual health screening in South Korea, introducing risk benefits in Romania, offering a new childcare benefit in India, and enhancing supplemental coverages in Spain and France, to name a few. Many of these enhancements will take effect in the first half of 2022.

'''''Professional Growth'''''

Continuous learning by its employees is crucial to maintain Morningstar’s competitive advantage, engage employees, and pursue its mission. Morningstar's learning and development programs provide its people with access to a diverse set of training and educational opportunities designed to help them reach their potential in ways that fits their interests and builds on their strengths. The company offers its employees annual educational stipends to spend on their choice of professional development activities, while also providing financial support for continuing education and the pursuit of professional certifications. It also makes available a variety of internal opportunities for growth, including programs designed for employees just starting their careers and those at manager and executive levels looking for coaching and training.

In 2021, Morningstar piloted a New Managers Mentorship program. This program is designed for newly promoted managers and managers who recently joined Morningstar, providing them the opportunity to engage with, and learn from, tenured managers across the organization.

=== Mission ===
Morningstar's mission is to empower investor success. Everything it does is in the service of the investor. The investing ecosystem is complex, and navigating it with confidence requires a trusted, independent voice. Morningstar delivers its perspective to institutions, advisors, and individuals with a single-minded purpose: to empower every investor with conviction that he or she can make better-informed decisions and realize success on his or her own terms.

=== Strategy ===
Morningstar's strategy is to deliver insights and experiences essential to investing. Proprietary data sets, meaningful analytics, independent research, and effective investment strategies are at the core of the powerful digital solutions that investors across its client segments rely on. The company has a keen focus on innovation across data, research, product, and delivery so that it can effectively cater to the evolving needs and expectations of investors globally.

Morningstar executes its strategy through four connected elements: its values, its work, its clients, and its brand. The interaction between these four elements has enabled Morningstar to establish a position in the industry that is differentiated from its competition. The company believes that its intangible assets, including the strength of its brand and its unique intellectual property, are difficult for competitors to replicate. Additionally, Morningstar strives to ensure its customers receive demonstrable value from its solutions causing them to be reluctant to undertake the cost of switching to other providers.

The company is focused on these four strategic priorities:

'''''Deliver differentiated insights across asset classes to public and private market investors'''''

Shifting investor needs and expectations, innovative investment approaches and technologies, and a changing political and regulatory environment continue to drive the evolution of the financial services industry. Morningstar remains committed to ensuring that the modern investor is empowered with new data, research, and analytics. This includes:

* Expanding its data, research, and analytics to deliver unique, personalized, and impactful insights to investors across asset classes.
* Optimizing its advisor platform and service position by driving innovation and delivering exceptional investment solutions—including sustainable options—to advisors, driving great outcomes for the clients they serve around the world.
* Providing regulatory and compliance solutions for the wealth, buy-side and asset management segments.
* Pursuing actionable information and developing workflow tools to serve core use cases of identifying private market investment opportunities, raising capital, valuing companies and investments, and buying/selling a company.

'''''Establish a leading ESG position across each business'''''

The Sustainalytics acquisition in 2020 has positioned Morningstar to successfully drive ESG across the investing landscape, which is a pivotal part of the company's long-term strategy. Morningstar remains focused on the growth of Sustainalytics and its ESG ratings, while prioritizing ESG integration across all areas of its business to empower investors with ESG research, solutions, and tools to inform their investment choices. This includes:

* Developing ESG solutions for wealth managers, advisors, and individual investors.
* Continuing to expand the use of ESG in credit rating workflows, research, and analyses.
* Making relevant ESG data points available across its software platforms, enabling users to adopt and seamlessly incorporate ESG into their product creation, monitoring, distribution, regulatory, and advice workflows.
* Integrating ESG into fixed income portfolios and workflows, indexes, and products to support investors with their evolving use cases.

'''''Drive operational excellence and scalability to support growth targets'''''

Morningstar has grown significantly in the last few years, and as it has continued to focus on growth in 2021 and beyond, it is emphasizing execution and scalability in its operations, processes, and technology. This includes:

* Creating a secure, robust, and scalable infrastructure that leverages advanced technology in its data, research, and product quality and delivery efforts.
* Scaling the demand generation function across Morningstar and driving transformation in global sales. customer success, and customer support functions to improve sales effectiveness.
* Scaling corporate systems to create more integrated platforms that enable growth of business areas while reducing legacy system fragmentation.

'''''Build an inclusive culture that drives exceptional talent engagement and development'''''

Morningstar is committed to investing in talent and building a culture that realizes its DEI goals. The company is successful because of its team, and building an inclusive culture is of one of its top priorities. It is committed to cultivating a diverse culture that maximizes talent and drives innovation. Morningstar's DEI initiatives are embedded in all areas of its business. This includes:

* Emphasizing employee activation and education by providing inclusive leadership training to all managers and hosting conferences and speaker series to generate DEI awareness for all employees.
* Improving talent acquisition processes by forming strategic partnerships, focused campus recruiting and enhanced interview processes.
* Creating company-wide transparency on DEI metrics with employee dashboards and ongoing reviews with leadership.

=== Major Customer Groups ===
Given Morningstar's strategy and core capabilities discussed above, the company focuses on six primary customer groups:

# Advisors (including independent financial advisors and those affiliated with Registered Investment Advisors (RIAs), broker/dealers or other intermediaries);
# Asset management (including fund companies, insurance companies, and other companies that build and manage portfolios of securities for their clients);
# Fixed-income security issuers and arrangers;
# Private market/venture capital investors;
# Workplace/retirement (including retirement plan providers, advisors, and sponsors); and
# Individual investors

==== ''Advisors'' ====
Financial advisors work with individual investors to help them reach their financial goals. This customer group includes independent advisors at RIA firms, advisors affiliated with independent broker/dealers, dually registered advisors, and “captive” advisors who are employees of a broker/dealer. These broker/dealers include wirehouses, regional broker/dealers, and banks. The advisor landscape is broad in both the U.S. and in other parts of the world where it focuses. Morningstar's largest market is the U.S., where Cerulli Associates estimates there were nearly 294,000 financial advisors as of the end of 2021.

Morningstar believes its deep understanding of individual investors’ needs allows us to work with advisors to help them make more efficient use of their time and deliver better investment outcomes for their clients. Its advisor offerings also draw on Morningstar’s proprietary investment research methodologies and research insights.

The company sells its advisor-related offerings both directly to independent financial advisors and through enterprise licenses, which allow financial advisors associated with the licensing firm to use its products.

Morningstar is expanding the range of services it offers to help financial advisors with all aspects of their daily workflow needs, including investment decision-making, portfolio construction, client monitoring and reporting, practice management, portfolio rebalancing that connects with custodial and trading interfaces, and financial planning. Because advisors are increasingly outsourcing investment management, Morningstar is continuing to enhance Morningstar Managed Portfolios to help advisors save time and reduce compliance risk.

Morningstar's main products for financial advisors are Morningstar Advisor Workstation, Morningstar Office, and Morningstar Managed Portfolios.

=== ''Asset management'' ===
Asset management firms manufacture financial products and manage and distribute investment portfolios. This customer group includes individuals involved in sales, marketing, product development, business intelligence, and distribution, as well as investment management (often referred to as the “buy side”), which includes portfolio management and research.

Morningstar's asset management offerings help companies connect with their clients because of Morningstar’s strong brand presence with both financial advisors and individual investors. Morningstar offers a global reach and have earned investors’ trust in its unbiased approach, investor-centric mission, and thought leadership.

The key products it offers for asset management firms include Morningstar Direct, Morningstar Data, and Morningstar Indexes. For the buy side, key products include Morningstar Research, DBRS Morningstar, Morningstar Data, Morningstar Direct, and Sustainalytics.

==== ''Fixed income security issuers, arrangers, and investors'' ====
DBRS Morningstar typically issues credit ratings in response to requests from issuers, intermediaries, or investors. DBRS Morningstar credit ratings are requested for corporate short and long-term fixed income obligations, sovereign debt, single project financings and structured finance programs, including securitizations of receivables, such as auto loans, credit cards, residential real estate loans and commercial real estate loans. In addition, claims-paying-ability credit ratings are issued for life, property/casualty, financial guaranty, title, and mortgage insurance companies. DBRS Morningstar's staff analyses the factors to assess the credit worthiness of an issuer or a security and summarizes the rationale for the credit ratings. DBRS Morningstar credit ratings are assigned and reviewed by a credit rating committee composed of senior credit rating analysts and analytical managers. DBRS Morningstar typically monitors its credit ratings at appropriate intervals depending on the type of the credit rating.

Morningstar estimates that the $10 billion global ratings market has grown at a 6.3% compound annual growth rate over the past decade, supported by various secular trends. A continuing low-interest-rate environment supports corporate borrowings, and favourable spreads support high-yield and structured finance bond issuance.

Credit markets continue to evolve and use structured products as a key avenue for capital. Overall demand for structured products by institutional investors, including banks in the U.S. and Europe, remains high.

As of December 31, 2021, Morningstar served approximately 3,000 issuers of debt.

==== ''Private market/venture capital investors'' ====
PitchBook covers the full lifecycle of venture capital, private equity, and merger and acquisition (M&A) activities, including the limited partners, investment funds, and service providers involved. Morningstar's main product for this customer group is the PitchBook Platform, an all-in-one research and analysis workstation that gives clients the ability to access data, discover new connections, and conduct research on potential investment opportunities. An Excel plug-in and mobile capabilities are included with the platform license, and Morningstar public equity research can also be delivered through the platform.

As of December 31, 2021, Morningstar served over 8,600 clients, including investment and research firms, venture capital and private equity firms, investment banks, limited partners, lenders, law firms, and accounting firms. It also served corporate development teams at firms across industry sectors.

==== ''Workplace/retirement'' ====
In the U.S., 401(k) retirement plans and other types of defined-contribution (DC) plans, such as 403(b) plans and the Thrift Savings Plan, are the dominant retirement plan offered by employers. According to the Investment Company Institute, there were $10.4 trillion in assets in DC plans at end of the third quarter of 2021, compared to $3.7 trillion in private-sector defined benefit (DB) plans and $7.6 trillion in government DB plans.

Although DC plans help millions of workers in the U.S. save for retirement, the industry continues to struggle to boost employee savings rates, to make it easier for companies to offer retirement plans, and to increase access to high-quality investment line-ups. Morningstar believes that a significant market exists for offerings, such as its managed retirement accounts offering, that are designed to address these shortcomings by providing personalized advice that helps individuals build assets for retirement and beyond. Currently, Morningstar's focus is the U.S. market, because it continues to demonstrate healthy growth. In addition, many of its offerings are not easily adapted to foreign markets due to significant differences in regulatory frameworks that govern retirement saving and investing.

Morningstar's core retirement products (managed retirement accounts, fiduciary services, and custom models) primarily reach individual investors through employers (plan sponsors) that offer DC plans for their employees. As of December 31, 2021, Morningstar served 71 retirement service providers and registered investment advisors (RIAs), representing about 297,000 retirement plans. The company can work directly with plan sponsors to help them design a suitable retirement program, but more typically, Morningstar distributes its retirement services through retirement plan providers that package its advice and investment line-ups with administrative and recordkeeping services.

Over the past two years, Morningstar has expanded its distribution network to include retirement plan advisors and asset managers and currently offer three advisor-focused services. The first, Morningstar Plan Advantage, is a practice-management platform that helps advisors to build and manage their retirement plans. That service is currently used by two large broker dealers and has data integrations with 25 recordkeepers. The second service, advisor managed accounts (AMA), enables advisors and asset managers to offer a version of managed accounts that incorporates their firm’s investment allocation philosophies and branding. Morningstar also can now offer managed accounts that sit within an IRA product offered by the RIA or recordkeeper. It currently has 10 recordkeepers signed onto the AMA platform with 15 RIAs and one asset management firm offering it. The third is a service that enables asset managers to offer personalized target-date funds using our methodologies, technology, and recordkeeper data connections. These personal target-date funds enable employees in a retirement plan to receive a blended target-date fund based on several data points, including age, salary, savings rate, and account balance. 

==== ''Individual investors'' ====
Morningstar offers tools and content for individual investors who invest to build wealth and save for other goals, such as retirement or college tuition. A Gallup survey released in August 2021 found that approximately 56% of individuals in the U.S. invest in the stock market either directly, through mutual funds, or self-directed retirement plans. Morningstar designs products for individual investors who are actively involved in the investing process and want to take charge of their own investment decisions. The company also reach individuals who want to learn more about investing or want to validate the advice they receive from brokers or financial advisors.

The company's main product for individual investors is Morningstar.com, which can be accessed via desktop, tablet, or mobile phone applications, and includes both paid Premium Memberships and free content available to registered users and visitors. Morningstar also reaches individual investors through licensing its content to other websites, such as Yahoo Finance, MSN Money, and Google Finance.

=== Revenue Types ===
Morningstar leverages its proprietary data and research to sell products and services across its portfolio that generate revenue in three primary ways:

# ''Licensed-based:'' The majority of Morningstar's research, data, and proprietary platforms are accessed via subscription services that grant access on either a per user or enterprise-basis for a specified period of time. Licensed-based revenue includes Morningstar Data, Morningstar Direct, Morningstar Advisor Workstation, PitchBook, Sustainalytics, and other similar products. Licensed-based revenue represented 66.6% of its 2021 consolidated revenue compared to 67.3% in 2020 and 68.9% in 2019.
# ''Asset-based:'' Morningstar charges basis points and other fees for assets under management or advisement. Its Morningstar Investment Management, Workplace Solutions, and Morningstar Indexes products are categorized as asset-based revenue. Asset-based revenue represented 15.6% of its 2021 consolidated revenue compared to 16.1% in 2020 and 17.9% in 2019.
# ''Transaction-based:'' Credit ratings and ad sales on Morningstar.com comprise the majority of the products that are transactional, or one-time, in nature, versus the recurring revenue streams represented by its licensed and asset-based products. Transaction-based revenue represented 17.8% of its 2021 consolidated revenue compared to 16.6% in 2020 and 13.1% in 2019.

=== Major Products and Services ===
The section below describes its top five products by 2021 revenue and some of its other key products and services.

==== ''PitchBook'' ====
PitchBook's main product is the PitchBook Platform, an all-in-one research and analysis workstation for investment and research professionals, including venture capital and private equity firms, corporate development teams, investment banks, limited partners, lenders, law firms, and accounting firms. Clients rely on us for a central, easy-to-use platform that provides access to the broadest and most powerful collection of data and research covering the private capital markets, including venture capital, private equity, and M&A activities.To accommodate our clients' diverse needs, the platform offers company profiles for both private and public companies, advanced search functionality, and other features that help to optimize workflow by surfacing relevant information and insights. Our clients source deals, raise funds, build buyer lists, create benchmarks, and network with the PitchBook Platform. PitchBook also offers a mobile application, CRM integrations, an Excel plug-in, data feeds, and flexible, à la carte data solutions that allow clients to access a variety of data points on demand.

Over the course of 2021, Morningstar continued to make significant investments in its data, research, and product capabilities to create the most comprehensive, fast, and intuitive platform experience for its clients. Improvements included enhanced analytics, data, and better search functionality to help both general and limited partners (GPs and LPs) perform diligence on one another. Morningstar released key updates for alternative asset investors, including a new hedge funds dataset that provides a broader view into alternative fund assets. It also added patent data and analytics and Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) filings data to company profiles, and increased the timeliness of its private financials coverage throughout Europe. Morningstar continued to expand its core datasets in venture capital, private equity, M&A, and debt. The company sharpened its geographic focus on Europe, Asia Pacific and Greater China, increasing the number of companies and funds under coverage in these areas. In Greater China, Morningstar now covers the entire flow of capital from LPs to GPs to companies.

Morningstar further bolstered its public company data capabilities by introducing new datasets, such as enhanced capital structure data, that give clients the depth of data needed to better determine cost of capital. It also added executive compensation data and earnings calls transcripts to help investors better track management team performance. Additionally, the company extended its modelling and pitch deck creation capabilities with the launch of its MAC/Online Excel Plugin and the release of its PowerPoint plugin.

Pricing for the PitchBook Platform is based on the number of seats, with the standard base license fees per user and customized prices for large enterprises, boutiques, and start-up firms.

PitchBook's main competitors are CB Insights, Preqin, S&P Capital IQ, and Refinitv.

PitchBook is Morningstar's largest product based on revenue and comprised 17.1%, 14.5%, and 12.6% of the company's consolidated revenue in 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. In 2021, the company estimates that its annual revenue renewal rate for PitchBook was approximately 127% versus 115% in 2020.

PitchBook had 73,940 licensed users worldwide as of December 31, 2021. 

==== ''DBRS Morningstar'' ====
DBRS Morningstar is the fourth largest credit rating agency in the world, offering a wide range of credit rating services and products that contribute to the transparency of international and domestic credit markets.

DBRS Morningstar generates its revenue from providing independent credit ratings on financial institutions, corporates, and sovereigns, as well as on securitizations and other structured finance instruments, such as asset-backed securities (ABS), residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS), commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) and collateralized loan obligations (CLO). The credit analysis and the assignment of credit ratings can take place on issuance of new bonds or on a continuous basis for existing credit exposures. The fees to the issuer are based on the type of issuance, the size of the transaction, and the complexity of the analysis.

Credit ratings are forward-looking opinions on credit risk that reflect the creditworthiness of a company or fixed-income security. They are determined within the framework of a ratings committee that represents a collective assessment of DBRS Morningstar’s opinion rather than the opinion of an individual analyst. These credit ratings are based on information that incorporates both global and local considerations and the use of approved methodologies, and are determined in compliance with policies and procedures designed to avoid or manage conflicts of interest. DBRS Morningstar’s credit rating methodologies are publicly available and support the objectivity and integrity of the credit rating process. DBRS Morningstar also offers a micro-website dedicated to ESG factors deemed relevant to credit ratings analysis.

During 2021, Morningstar expanded the way it interacts with issuers and investors by launching a new credit solution provider, Morningstar Credit Information and Analytics (MCIA), that is separate from DBRS Morningstar and which offers credit products and services beyond credit ratings. DealView, a commercial mortgage-bond monitoring service, is a product sold by MCIA. Longer term, MCIA plans to offer modular credit information products that leverage the company's credit expertise and embed in the workflows of internal and external customers.

DBRS Morningstar competes with several other firms, including Fitch, Kroll Bond Ratings, Moody’s, and S&P Global Ratings.

DBRS Morningstar is our second-largest product based on revenue and accounted for 16.0%, 14.9%, and 10.8% of our consolidated revenue in 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.

For 2021, Morningstar estimates that transaction-based fees comprised 66% of DBRS Morningstar's revenue; the remainder can be classified as transaction-related, or revenue generated by annual fees tied to surveillance, research, and other services.

==== ''Morningstar Data'' ====
Morningstar Data provides institutions with access to a full range of investment data spanning numerous databases, including equity fundamentals, managed investments, fixed income, ESG factors, and market data (such as end-of-day and intra-day pricing, as well as historical tick data). Morningstar aims to match what investors hold in their portfolios with the raw data it's acquired and analytical insights that it derives. The company is well-known for enriching managed investment raw data with research driven intellectual property, resulting in proprietary statistics, such as the Morningstar Category, Morningstar Style Box, and Morningstar Rating, which it distributes through licensed data feeds. Morningstar also offers a wide range of other data, including information on investment performance, risk analytics, full historical portfolio holdings, operations data (such as managed investments' fees and expenses), cash flows, financial statement data, consolidated industry statistics, and investment ownership. Our breadth of global coverage between proprietary and fundamental datasets allows us to combine our datasets and analytical capabilities as a holistic offering. Our clients typically serve retail investors and their intermediaries, and they use Morningstar Data for a variety of investor communications, including websites, print publications, and marketing fact sheets, as well as for internal research and product development. Demand for Morningstar Data increases as clients build digital solutions, prepare for regulatory requirements, and incorporate automation, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and other forms of data analytics into their workflows.

The Morningstar Data team applies emerging methods in artificial intelligence to regression, classification, deep learning, natural language processing, and optical character recognition to extract data from structured and unstructured content. The Data team uses a "human in the loop" approach where machine inferences are presented to a Data Analyst for validation. Validated data is published in Morningstar products and used to retrain and continuously improve the Data team's machine learning models. This approach enables Morningstar to produce data faster without compromising the quality of data that our clients use in making sound investment decisions.

In 2021, Morningstar launched new data sets relating to asset management firms’ diversity and DEI-related policies and practices to support clients’ manager selection processes. The company enriched its multi-asset portfolio construction and due diligence analytics with the release of expanded economic exposure data and twelve new fixed income data sets, including option-adjusted analytics, average credit ratings, fixed income sector and country of risk breakdowns. Morningstar increased coverage of model portfolios by 87% to over 2,400 models and released nineteen new model portfolio data points.

Morningstar is continuing to migrate users to the cloud-based Data Services delivery system it launched in 2020. This new system allows users to more easily explore our data capabilities, access the data they specifically want, and have flexibility around format and delivery options. The delivery platform connects data sets across portfolios, corporate entities and underlying instruments, delivering consolidated feeds and improving our customers’ end-to-end user experience. Morningstar will further enhance the data delivery experience for users who wish to configure data sets within Direct or transform data within Analytics Lab, so that data feeds of such content can be more efficiently created by clients and embedded in their wider business workflows. In 2022, Morningstar is also launching new regulatory data offerings in response to global investor protection, capital adequacy and sustainability regulations, as well as new data management offerings to support its asset management and wealth management clients, by driving connectivity across their business functions, and will also expand its asset class coverage to capitalize on the rising importance of alternatives in investment portfolios.

Pricing for Morningstar Data is based on the number of investment vehicles covered, the amount of information provided for each security, the frequency of updates, the method of delivery, the size of the licensing firm, the level of distribution, and the intended use by the client, otherwise known as the “use-case.”

Morningstar's main global competitors for mutual fund data include Refinitiv and FE fundinfo. The company also competes against smaller players that focus on local or regional information. For market and equity data, Morningstar primarily competes with FactSet, S&P Global, ICE Data Services, Bloomberg, and Refinitiv.

Morningstar Data is the company's third-largest product based on revenue and accounted for 14.3%, 15.5%, and 16.7% of its consolidated revenue in 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. The company estimates that the annual revenue renewal rate for Morningstar Data in 2021 was approximately 100% versus 101% in 2020. 

==== ''Morningstar Direct'' ====
Morningstar Direct is an investment-analysis platform that delivers rich data and analytics across asset classes, built on Morningstar's global database of both registered and non-registered securities, as well as data from third-party providers. Users can create advanced performance comparisons and in-depth analysis of an investment's underlying investment style, as well as custom-branded reports and presentations. Morningstar Direct helps equity and multi-asset strategy asset managers with market research, product positioning, competitive analysis, and distribution strategies, whereas wealth managers predominately use the tool to assist with manager research, fund selection, and the construction, monitoring, and distribution of model portfolios.

In 2021, Morningstar Direct began executing against a new product strategy centered on the ongoing evolution of regulatory standards, the mass consumption of data through automation, and rising interest in ESG and personalized investments. Some of the key platform enhancements resulting from the strategy include the launch of Analytics Lab, the execution of our unified Direct experience, and the release of new datasets, insights, and analytics embedding ESG more deeply throughout client workflows.

Analytics Lab is the new big data analytics platform within Morningstar Direct that integrates Jupyter Notebook, an open-source technology, with Morningstar’s proprietary data, research, and investment and portfolio objects. Analytics Lab allows our clients to explore and discover insights from a library of standardized datasets and analytical flows delivered as Notebooks. Our vision is to grant clients access to the open environment, enabling firms to programmatically build custom analytics by integrating their data with Morningstar Direct data and share those automated workflows within their firm.

In 2021, Morningstar introduced a robust collection of new ESG capabilities to aid financial professionals to better fit sustainability within their workflow. Some of these enhancements include ESG groupings within asset flows, European Union (EU) Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR) article 8 and article 9 designations, Commitment level data, Security Globes, Risk Ratings, and Product Involvement metrics. These are a mixture of data points, research, and ratings, all with the goal of helping to communicate complex data and analysis in manner that is easy for investors to understand and act upon. Morningstar also released new reporting templates in Direct's Presentation Studio that enable clients to communicate their unique ESG stories.

Pricing for Morningstar Direct is based on the number of licenses purchased. Morningstar has simplified its licensing model to eliminate add-on features in an effort to maximize its customer experience and allow users to extract more value from its products.

Morningstar Direct's primary competitors are Bloomberg, eVestment Alliance, FactSet Research System’s Cognity and SPAR, Zephyr, Strategic Insight’s Simfund, and Refinitiv’s Eikon.

Morningstar Direct is the company's fourth-largest product based on revenue and accounted for 10.2%, 11.4%, and 12.6% of its consolidated revenue in 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. Morningstar estimates that its annual revenue renewal rate for Morningstar Direct in 2021 was approximately 97% versus 96% in 2020.

Morningstar Direct had 17,421 licensed users worldwide as of December 31, 2021.

==== ''Investment Management'' ====
Investment Management’s flagship offering is Morningstar® Managed PortfoliosSM, an advisor service consisting of model portfolios designed for fee-based independent financial advisors. Its core markets are the U.S., U.K., South Africa, Australia, and India. Morningstar targets like-minded advisors that hire the company to manage a substantial portion of their client’s assets the Morningstar way—putting investors first, keeping costs low, and investing for the long-term. Morningstar builds its multi-asset strategies using mutual funds, ETFs, and individual securities, and tailor them to meet specific investment time horizons, risk levels, and projected outcomes. In 2021, Morningstar surpassed $1 billion in global net flows across its Managed Portfolios.

Morningstar Managed Portfolios are available through two core distribution channels: its fee-based discretionary asset management service, also known as a turnkey asset management program (TAMP), or as strategist models on third-party managed account platforms. Morningstar charges asset-based program fees for Managed Portfolios, which are typically based on the distribution channel (i.e., TAMP versus strategist models) and the products contained within the portfolios. Morningstar has TAMPs available in the U.S. and India, and act as a fund and model provider in its other international markets.

Morningstar's TAMP is an end-to-end digital investing experience, in which advisors access its model portfolios through a proprietary wealth management platform that offers functionality, such as risk assessments, proposals, digital account opening and ongoing management, client reporting, customer support, marketing services, and back-office features, such as trading and billing services. Using its TAMP allows the advisor to share fiduciary responsibility with Morningstar.

In 2021, Morningstar agreed to acquire Praemium’s U.K. and international wealth management platform business. Praemium offers proprietary, friction-free, SaaS-based technology and services that allow fee-based advisors to outsource key elements of the advice workflow. The platform will enable Morningstar to expand its wealth management platform capabilities internationally beyond the U.S. and India. Morningstar expects this transaction to close mid-to-late 2022, subject to regulatory approval.

Morningstar continued to enhance the advisor and client experience on its TAMP, primarily augmenting customer support with a digital self-service help center, document submission, and case tracking center. The company plans to launch direct indexing capabilities through the TAMP later in 2022, as part of its recently-announced strategy to build a comprehensive Wealth Management platform leveraging capabilities from Morningstar Office, ByAllAccounts, and Morningstar.com.

Finally, Morningstar continued to see positive flows in its ESG-focused portfolios as an increasing number of advisors and their investor clients sought investment solutions aligned with their sustainable investing inclinations. 

In addition to Morningstar Managed Portfolios, other services it provides include institutional asset-management (e.g., act as a subadvisor) and asset-allocation services for asset managers, broker/dealers, and insurance providers. Morningstar offers these services through a variety of registered entities in Australia, Canada, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), France, India, Japan, South Africa, the U.K., and the U.S.

Morningstar bases pricing for institutional asset-management and asset-allocation services on the scope of work, its degree of investment discretion, and the level of service required. For most of its contracts, Morningstar receives asset-based fees.

For Morningstar Managed Portfolios offered through its TAMP, Morningstar's primary competitors are AssetMark, Orion/Brinker Capital, and SEI Investments. Its primary strategist offering competitors are Blackrock, Russell, and Vanguard in the U.S., and it faces competition from Financial Express and Tatton in Europe, Middle East, and Africa (EMEA), and Blackrock, Dimensional, and Vanguard in Australia. Morningstar also competes with in-house research teams at independent broker/dealers who build proprietary portfolios for use on brokerage firm platforms, as well other registered investment advisors that provide investment strategies or models on these platforms.

Morningstar Investment Management is the company's fifth-largest product based on revenue and comprised 7.4%, 8.5%, and 9.8% of its consolidated revenue in 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.

==== ''Workplace Solutions'' ====
Morningstar Workplace Solutions includes several different offerings, including managed retirement accounts (MRA), fiduciary services, Morningstar Lifetime Allocation Funds, and custom models.

Delivered primarily through the Morningstar Retirement Manager platform, our MRA program helps retirement plan participants define, track, and achieve their retirement goals. As part of this service, we deliver personalized recommendations for a target retirement income goal, a recommended contribution rate to help achieve that goal, a portfolio mix based on our Total Wealth methodology, and specific investment recommendations. We then manage the participant’s investment portfolio for them, assuming full discretionary control. We also offer Advisor Managed Accounts, a program that allows advisor firms to specify and assume fiduciary responsibility for the underlying portfolios that are used within MRA. We do not hold assets in custody for the MRA we provide.

Our main competitors in MRA are Edelman/Financial Engines, Fidelity, and NextCapital. Companies that provide automated investment advice to consumers, such as Betterment and Wealthfront, are also attempting to break into employer-sponsored retirement markets.

In our fiduciary services offering, we help plan sponsors build out and manage an appropriate investment lineup for their participants while helping to mitigate their fiduciary risk. Morningstar Plan Advantage is an extension of our fiduciary services that includes a technology platform that enables advisors at broker/dealer firms to more easily offer fiduciary protection, provider pricing, and investment reporting services to their plan sponsor clients.

Our main competitors in fiduciary services are Mesirow and Wilshire Associates, but we are starting to see growing competition from smaller players, such as LeafHouse Financial and IRON Financial. Broker/dealers are also looking to introduce their own fiduciary services distributed through their advisors.

With its custom models, Morningstar offers two different services. Morningstar works with retirement plan record-keepers to design scalable offerings for their investment line-ups, including target maturity models and risk-based models. Morningstar also provides custom model services direct to large plan sponsors, creating target date funds that are customized around a plan’s participant demographics and investment menus. For custom models, Morningstar often competes with retirement plan consultants. Morningstar also serves as a non-discretionary sub-advisor and index provider for the Morningstar Lifetime Allocation Funds, a series of target-date CITs offered by UBS Asset Management to retirement plan sponsors. Retirement plan sponsors can select a conservative, moderate, or growth version of the glide path for the funds based on the needs of participants in the plan. For the Lifetime Allocation Funds, Morningstar competes with other providers of target-date funds.

In 2021, Morningstar expanded its relationships with eight key retirement RIA clients, giving it a total of 15 RIA clients signed on to use its Advisor Managed Accounts offering. As an extension of its fiduciary services offering, Morningstar also announced the Morningstar ESG Pooled Employer Plan (PEP), which is slated to be launched in early 2022. The PEP is designed to help employees mitigate ESG risk in their retirement portfolios.

Pricing for Workplace Solutions is generally asset-based and depends on several factors, including the level of services offered (including whether the services involve acting as a fiduciary under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, or ERISA), the number of participants, the level of systems integration required, total assets under management or advisement, and the availability of competing products. 

==== ''Morningstar Advisor Workstation'' ====
Morningstar Advisor Workstation is a web-based research, financial planning, and proposal generation platform that illustrates financial decision trade-offs using our data, research, and robust portfolio analytics. The software is typically sold through an enterprise contract and is primarily for retail advisors due to its strong ties and integrations with home-office applications and processes and a library of Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA)-reviewed reports for compliance needs. It allows advisors to build and maintain a client portfolio database that can be fully integrated with the home-office firm's back-office technology and resources. This helps advisors present and clearly illustrate their portfolio investment strategies and show the value of their advice.

In 2021, Morningstar continued to improve its financial planning workflow by focusing on the Morningstar Risk Ecosystem, a financial planning tool that extends Advisor Workstation’s investment planning and proposal generation capabilities. These capabilities are becoming more important to the market as planning grows more central to the value advisors deliver to clients and regulations put more focus on ensuring investment plans are well suited to investor goals.

Morningstar also launched IDA, a new in-product ‘Intelligent Digital Assistant’ that has improved client retention through enhanced ways to engage, train, and collect feedback from its users. Advisors can access client portfolios within the companion app or the web version of Morningstar Advisor Workstation to perform analysis, generate client reports, and illustrate decision trade-offs with ease.

Throughout 2021, Morningstar continued to invest in capabilities to modernize advice and address regulatory changes, including the U.S. SEC’s Regulation Best Interest and the Canadian CSA’s Client Focused Reforms. This included a dedicated workflow to address the “Care Obligation,” which helps advisors find and track their consideration of reasonably available alternatives.

Pricing for Morningstar Advisor Workstation varies based on the number of users, as well as the number of databases licensed and level of functionality. Morningstar charges fixed annual fees per licensed user for a base configuration of Morningstar Advisor Workstation, but pricing varies significantly based on the scope of the license.

Competitors for Morningstar Advisor Workstation include AdvisoryWorld (LPL Financial), YCharts, Riskalyze, ASI, Kwanti, and Financial Express outside of the U.S. Occasionally, broker/dealers also decide to build their own internal tools and attempt to bring their advisors’ practice management tools in-house.

Morningstar estimates that its annual revenue renewal rate for Advisor Workstation for 2021 was approximately 92% versus 91% in 2020.

As of December 31, 2021, 232 companies held licenses for the enterprise version of Morningstar Advisor Workstation in the U.S. and Canada.

==== ''Sustainalytics'' ====
Sustainalytics provides ESG data, research, analysis and insights to institutional investors globally, covering equity and fixed income asset classes. Its flagship ESG Ratings also underpin Morningstar’s Sustainability Fund Ratings for mutual funds and ETFs, multiple investable indexes and numerous investment platforms. Sustainalytics also serves issuers and banking institutions through its corporate solutions unit and is notably the world’s largest provider of green bond Second Party Opinions.

The EU Action Plan is a broad sweeping regulation with multiple components that require asset managers to align with the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and report on portfolio alignment. Investors need high quality ESG research, data and reporting tools to help them comply with the regulation’s components: EU Taxonomy Regulation, SFDR, and EU Benchmarks Regulation.

In 2021, Sustainalytics launched several new products under its EU Action Plan Solutions suite, addressing the need for clients to access research and comply with reporting under recently-enacted European regulations. To help investors fulfil sustainable finance disclosure requirements, Morningstar delivered a rich new dataset emphasizing principle adverse indicators (PAIs) that cover sustainability factors and risks. Morningstar also launched a new product providing an holistic view of an investment portfolio's alignment to the EU Taxonomy. For institutional investor clients, Morningstar also worked to incorporate impact metrics and country risk ratings into the Morningstar Sustainability Rating for funds. Corporate issuers were introduced to a new Sustainalytics solution designed to assess ESG risk in a company’s supply chain and to a new Issuer Gateway portal that enables more efficient communication and engagement between the issuers and Sustainalytics. Sustainalytics also expanded its Second-Party Opinions coverage to support companies looking to issue Sustainability-Linked Bonds, and increased the number of publicly-available company-level ESG Risk Ratings to over 14,000.

Sustainalytics operates on a subscription-based pricing model for its ESG research products, which supports recurring revenue. The corporate solutions unit deploys a model that combines one-time revenue with subscription-based recurring licensing revenue.

Major competitors for Sustainalytics include MSCI, FTSE Russell, Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS), S&P Global, Moody's, ecovadis, and Federated Hermes. While the traditional ESG research market continues to aggressively consolidate, Morningstar expects that the market will continue to evolve as new entrants emerge and investors acquire ESG data from new distributors (for example, directly from stock exchanges). Large asset managers like BlackRock, State Street, UBS, and JP Morgan are also investing heavily to build in-house ESG capabilities and sustainable investing products. New technologies, specifically those that employ artificial intelligence, are facilitating these trends by accelerating the sourcing and use of unstructured ESG data.

==== ''Morningstar.com'' ====
Our largest website, Morningstar.com, helps individual investors discover, evaluate, and monitor stocks, ETFs, and mutual funds; build and monitor portfolios; and monitor the markets. Revenue is generated from paid memberships through Morningstar Premium and Internet advertising sales.

Our Morningstar Premium offering is focused on bringing clarity and confidence to investment decisions. Members have access to proprietary Morningstar research, ratings, data, and tools, including analyst reports, portfolio management tools (such as Portfolio X-Ray), and stock and fund screeners. We offer Premium Membership services in Australia, Canada, Italy, the U.K., and the U.S.

Unlike many consumer-facing websites, Morningstar.com sells ad space directly to advertisers. This approach allows us to build meaningful relationships with our advertisers and helps us protect the integrity of our brand. In our experience, advertisers continue to support Morningstar.com because of our commitment to transparency and clarity.

In 2021, we made various upgrades to the technology platform supporting Morningstar.com, which provide improved uptime, faster performance, increased content personalization based on readership behaviour, and cost savings in website maintenance. We also further developed our new individual investor digital portfolio management and research tool. Individuals can now leverage the same account aggregation technology used by advisors (By All Accounts) to seamlessly match their investment holdings with our data and proprietary research content to help them better understand what they own across their full portfolio, find new investment ideas, and make more informed investment decisions.

We charge a monthly, annual, or multiyear subscription fee for Morningstar.com's Premium Membership service.

Morningstar.com primarily competes with trading platforms that concurrently offer research and investing advice, such as Fidelity, Schwab, and TD Ameritrade. Research sites, such as The Motley Fool, Seeking Alpha, and Zacks Investment Research, also compete with us for paid membership. In addition, free or “freemium” websites, such as Yahoo Finance, Dow Jones/Marketwatch, The Wall Street Journal, Kiplinger, and TheStreet.com, all compete for the advertising dollars of entities wishing to reach an engaged audience of investors.

As of December 31, 2021, Morningstar.com had more than 115,000 paid Premium members in the U.S. plus an additional 15,600 Premium members across other global markets.

==== ''Morningstar Indexes'' ====
Morningstar offers a broad range of market indexes that can be used as performance benchmarks and as the basis of investment products and other portfolio strategies. Drawing on Morningstar's deep intellectual property and focus on the end investor, our indexes track all major global regions and asset classes, including equity, fixed income, and multi-asset.

We believe investors today are looking for better value from their index provider. This means two things. First, broad market cap indexes for benchmarking purposes, arguably a commodity, should be inexpensive. Second, strategic beta indexes for investment strategies, of growing importance to all investors, should be unique, research-driven and deliver better outcomes to investors. We are responding to this need by offering core beta benchmarks while delivering our Morningstar research and insights through unique and differentiated strategic beta indexes.

Morningstar Indexes was active on several fronts in 2021. We added and expanded on several high-profile collaborations with marquee global clients such as BlackRock iShares, Jackson National Life and Engine #1. We acquired Moorgate Benchmarks in September to build on our European indexes client service platform and global index customization capabilities. In addition, we introduced a number of innovative thematic and ESG index products to support investors, drawing on the strengths of Morningstar through our internal collaboration with the Morningstar Equity Research and Sustainalytics teams.

We license Morningstar Indexes to numerous institutions that offer ETFs, exchange-traded notes, mutual funds and separately managed accounts based on the indexes. Firms license Morningstar Indexes for both product creation (where we typically receive the greater of a minimum fee or basis points tied to assets under management) and data licensing (where we typically receive annual licensing fees). In both cases, our pricing varies based on the level of distribution, the type of user, and the specific indexes licensed.

Major competitors for Morningstar Indexes include MSCI, FTSE Russell, S&P Dow Jones Indices (offered through S&P Global), and Bloomberg Indices.

=== Largest Customer ===
In 2021, our largest customer accounted for less than 3% of our consolidated revenue.

Acquisitions and Divestitures

Since our founding in 1984, we've supported our organic growth by introducing new products and services and expanding our existing offerings. From 2006 through 2021, we also completed 39 acquisitions to support our growth objectives. We acquired Moorgate Benchmarks in the third quarter of 2021. We had no divestitures in 2021.

For more information about our acquisitions, refer to Notes 8 of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

International Operations

We conduct our business operations outside of the U.S. through wholly owned or majority-owned operating subsidiaries located in each of the following 28 countries: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, People's Republic of China (both Hong Kong and the mainland), Poland, Romania, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, UAE, and the U.K. See Note 6 of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information concerning revenue from customers and assets from our business operations outside the U.S.

Intellectual Property and Other Proprietary Rights

We treat our brand name and logo, product names, databases and related content, software, technology, know-how, and the like as proprietary. We seek to protect this intellectual property by using: (i) trademark, copyright, patent and trade secrets laws; (ii) licensing and nondisclosure agreements; and (iii) other security and related technical measures designed to restrict unauthorized access and use. For example, we generally provide our intellectual property to third parties using standard licensing agreements, which define the extent and duration of any third-party usage rights and provide for our continued ownership in any intellectual property furnished. 

Because of the value of our brand name and logo, we generally seek to register one or both as trademarks in all relevant international classes in any jurisdiction in which we have business offices or significant operations. We registered the Morningstar name and/or logo in approximately 50 jurisdictions, including the EU, and have registrations pending in several others. In some jurisdictions, we may also choose to register one or more product names.

“Morningstar” and the Morningstar logo are both registered marks of Morningstar in the U.S. The table below includes some of the trademarks and service marks referenced in this report:
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="3" |Morningstar® Advisor WorkstationSM
| colspan="3" |Morningstar® Plan AdvantageSM
|-
| colspan="3" |Morningstar Analyst RatingTM
| colspan="3" |Morningstar® Portfolio X-Ray®
|-
| colspan="3" |Morningstar® ByAllAccounts®
| colspan="3" |Morningstar Rating™
|-
| colspan="3" |Morningstar® Data
| colspan="3" |Morningstar® Retirement ManagerSM
|-
| colspan="3" |Morningstar DirectSM
| colspan="3" |Morningstar Style Box™
|-
| colspan="3" |Morningstar® Enterprise Components
| colspan="3" |Morningstar Sustainability Rating™
|-
| colspan="3" |Morningstar® Indexes
| colspan="3" |Morningstar.com®
|-
| colspan="3" |Morningstar® Managed PortfoliosSM
| colspan="3" |PitchBook®
|-
| colspan="3" |Morningstar Market BarometerSM
| colspan="3" |DBRS®
|-
| colspan="3" |Morningstar Office CloudSM
| colspan="3" |Sustainalytics®
|}
In addition to trademark registrations, we hold several U.S. patents, either directly or through our wholly owned subsidiary, Morningstar Investment Management LLC. These patents include those for coordinate-based document processing/data entry, financial portfolio management, portfolio management analysis, lifetime asset allocation, and asset allocation with annuities.

''License Agreements''

We license our products and related intellectual property to our customers, generally for a fee. Generally, we use our standard agreement forms, and we do not provide our products and services to customers or other users without having an agreement in place.

We maintain licensing agreements with most of our larger Morningstar operating companies around the world to allow them to access our intellectual property, including, without limitation, our products, trademarks, databases and content, technology, and know-how. We put these agreements in place to allow our operating companies to both market standard Morningstar products and services in their operating territories and to develop and sell territory-specific variants of those products under the Morningstar name in their specific territories.

In the ordinary course of our business, we obtain and use intellectual property from a variety of sources, including licensing it from third-party providers, developing it internally, and gathering it through publicly available sources (e.g., regulatory filings).

Seasonality

We believe our business has a minimal amount of seasonality. We sell most of our products with subscription terms of at least one year and we recognize revenue ratably over the term of each subscription agreement. This tends to mitigate most of the seasonality in our business.

We believe market movements and general market conditions have more influence on our performance than seasonality. The revenue we earn from asset-based fees depends on the value of assets on which we provide advisory services, and the size of our asset base can increase or decrease along with trends in market performance. In addition, our credit ratings business is subject to market effects on the level of fixed income issuance.

Competitive Landscape

The economic and financial information industry includes a few large firms, as well as numerous smaller companies, including startup firms. Some of our main competitors include Bloomberg, S&P Global, Refinitiv, Moody's, and Fitch. These companies have financial resources that are significantly greater than ours. We also compete with a variety of other companies in specific areas of our business. We discuss some of the key competitors in each area in the Major Products and Services section of this report.

We believe the most important competitive factors in our industry are brand and reputation, data accuracy and quality, technology, breadth of data coverage, quality of investment and credit research and analytics, design, product reliability, and value of the products and services provided.

Research and Development

A key aspect of our growth strategy is to expand our investment and credit research capabilities and enhance our existing products and services. We strive to adopt new technology that can improve our products and services. As a general practice, we manage our own websites and build our own software rather than relying on outside vendors. This allows us to control our technology development and better manage costs, enabling us to respond quickly to market changes and to meet customer needs efficiently.

Government Regulation

In addition to generally applicable laws and regulations, certain subsidiaries of Morningstar engage in lines of business or other activities that subject them to various laws and regulations specific to those businesses or activities. These laws and regulations are primarily designed to protect investors and are most pervasive across all or most markets in which we operate in our credit rating, investment management, and investment research businesses. Regulatory bodies or agencies that regulate our credit rating and investment adviser and research subsidiaries often have broad administrative powers, including the power to prohibit or restrict the subsidiary or persons connected with the subsidiary from carrying out business if it or they fail to comply with such laws and regulations or to impose censures, fines, or remedial undertakings as a result of such noncompliance. The rules governing the regulation of these subsidiaries are very detailed and technical. Accordingly, the discussion below is general in nature, does not purport to be complete and is subject to change based on future legislative, enforcement, and examination activities. Additional legislation and regulations, including those not directly tied to regulated activities ''(e.g.'', privacy and cybersecurity), or changes in the interpretation or enforcement of existing laws and rules may adversely affect our business and profitability.

''Credit Ratings''

''United States''

DBRS Morningstar’s U.S. credit rating entity, DBRS, Inc., is registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) as a Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization (NRSRO) and is authorized to rate classes of credit ratings in structured finance instruments, corporate credit issuers, sovereign entities, insurance companies, and financial institutions. As an NRSRO, DBRS, Inc. is subject to certain requirements and regulations under the Exchange Act. These requirements primarily relate to record-keeping, reporting, governance, and conflicts of interest. As part of its NRSRO registration, DBRS, Inc. is subject to annual examination by the SEC. DBRS, Inc.’s affiliated rating agencies, DBRS Limited, DBRS Ratings Limited, and DBRS Ratings GmbH, are each also registered with the SEC as credit rating affiliates of DBRS, Inc.

''Canada''

DBRS Morningstar’s Canadian credit rating entity, DBRS Limited, is designated as a Designated Rating Organization (DRO) in Canada with the Ontario Securities Commission (OSC) as its principal regulator. DBRS Limited provides independent credit rating services in structured finance instruments, corporate credit issuers, governments, insurance companies, and financial institutions. As a DRO, DBRS Limited is subject to certain requirements and regulations under National Instrument 25-101. These requirements primarily relate to record-keeping, reporting, governance, and conflicts of interest. As part of its DRO registration, DBRS Limited is subject to examination by the OSC. DBRS Limited’s affiliated rating agencies, DBRS, Inc., DBRS Ratings Limited, and DBRS Ratings GmbH, are each also designated as DRO affiliates in Canada.

''United Kingdom''

DBRS Morningstar’s credit rating entity located in the U.K., DBRS Ratings Limited, is registered with, and regulated, by the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) as a credit rating agency. DBRS Ratings Limited provides independent credit rating services in sovereign and public finance, structured finance, and corporate finance, including financial institutions, corporate credit issuers, and insurance undertakings. As a registered credit rating agency, DBRS Ratings Limited is subject to certain requirements under the U.K. regulations governing credit rating agencies. These requirements primarily relate to record-keeping, reporting, governance, and conflicts of interest.

''European Union''

DBRS Morningstar´s credit rating entity in the EU, DBRS Ratings GmbH (located in Germany), which together with its branch, DBRS Ratings GmbH Sucursal en España (located in Spain), is registered with, and regulated by the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) as a credit rating agency. DBRS Ratings GmbH is registered to provide independent credit rating services in sovereign and public finance, structured finance, and corporate finance, including financial institutions, corporate credit issuers, and insurance undertakings. As a registered credit rating agency, DBRS Ratings GmbH is subject to certain requirements under Regulation (EC) No 1060/2009, as amended. These requirements primarily relate to record-keeping, reporting, governance, and conflicts of interest.

''Investment Management and Investment Research''

''United States''

Investment advisory and broker/dealer businesses are subject to extensive regulation in the U.S. at both the federal and state level, as well as by self-regulatory organizations. The SEC is responsible for enforcing the federal securities laws and oversees federally registered investment advisors and broker/dealers.

Three of our subsidiaries, Morningstar Investment Management LLC (Morningstar Investment Management), Morningstar Investment Services LLC, and Morningstar Research Services LLC, are registered as investment advisors with the SEC under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (Advisers Act). As Registered Investment Advisors, these companies are subject to the requirements and regulations of the Advisers Act, including certain fiduciary duties to clients. The fiduciary duties of a Registered Investment Adviser to its clients include an obligation of good faith and full and fair disclosure of all facts material to the client’s engagement of the advisor, an obligation to provide investment advice suitable for the particular client, an obligation to have a reasonable, independent basis for investment recommendations, an obligation when directing client brokerage transactions to seek the best execution thereof, and an obligation to vote client proxies in the best interests of the client. Other requirements primarily relate to record-keeping and reporting, as well as general anti-fraud prohibitions. As Registered Investment Advisors, these subsidiaries are subject to examination by the SEC, which may include an on-site examination.

Morningstar Funds Trust (the Trust) is registered with the SEC as an open-end management investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (Investment Company Act). Morningstar Investment Management serves as the sponsor and investment advisor of the Trust, and therefore is subject to the requirements of the Investment Company Act. These requirements relate primarily to record-keeping, reporting, standards of care, valuation, and distribution. As sponsor and investment advisor to the Trust, Morningstar Investment Management is subject to examinations by the SEC, which may include on-site examinations.

Connected with the Trust, Morningstar Investment Management is registered with the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission as a commodity pool operator (CPO) and a member of the National Futures Association (NFA). As such, Morningstar Investment Management is subject to the requirements and regulations applicable to CPOs under the Commodity Exchange Act. These requirements primarily relate to record-keeping and reporting. As a CPO, Morningstar Investment Management is subject to examinations by the NFA and/or the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission, which may include on-site examinations.

In cases where these subsidiaries provide investment advisory services to retirement plans and their participants, they may be acting as fiduciaries under ERISA. As fiduciaries under ERISA, they have duties of loyalty and prudence, as well as duties to diversify investments and to follow plan documents to comply with the applicable portions of ERISA.

Morningstar Investment Services LLC is a broker/dealer registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act) and a member of FINRA. The regulation of broker/dealers has, to a large extent, been delegated by the federal securities laws to self-regulatory organizations, including FINRA. Subject to approval by the SEC, FINRA adopts rules that govern its members. FINRA and the SEC conduct periodic examinations of the brokerage operations of Morningstar Investment Services.

Broker/dealers are subject to regulations that cover all aspects of their securities business, including sales practices, capital structure, record-keeping, and the registration and conduct of directors, officers, and employees. As a registered broker/dealer, Morningstar Investment Services LLC is subject to certain net capital requirements under the Exchange Act. These requirements are designed to regulate the financial soundness and liquidity of broker/dealers.

''Australia''

Morningstar Australasia Pty Limited and Morningstar Investment Management Australia Limited are subsidiaries that provide financial services that include investment management, asset allocation, portfolio construction and investment research services in Australia. They are each registered under an Australian Financial Services license and subject to oversight by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC). The licenses require them to maintain positive net asset levels and minimum capital requirements, and to comply with the audit requirements of the ASIC. Morningstar Investment Management Australia Limited is additionally the Responsible Entity and the issuer of units in managed funds for superannuation funds, institutions, platform distributors, financial advisers, and individuals within the Australian market.

''United Kingdom''

Morningstar Investment Management Europe Limited is authorized and regulated by the FCA to provide financial services commensurate with the regulatory permissions afforded. Those regulatory permissions allow Morningstar Investment Management Europe Limited to advise, arrange, deal and manage investments for professional and eligible counterparty clients across a range of investment instruments including shares, debt securities and units in collective investment schemes. The related services are delivered through managed portfolios, manager selection, segregated mandates and U.K. authorized fund offerings, predominantly to U.K. domiciled clients and investors. As an authorized firm, Morningstar Investment Management Europe Limited is subject to the applicable requirements and regulations, as defined in the FCA Handbook of rules and guidance.

''European Union''

Morningstar Investment Consulting France SAS is authorized by the Autorité de Contrôle Prudentiel et de Résolution (ACPR) as a Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) investment firm. Under this authorization and commensurate with the passporting arrangements established, Morningstar Investment Consulting France SAS is permitted to provide investment advice pertaining to shares, debt securities and units, or shares, of collective investment undertakings to financial institutions based in the EU.

''South Africa''

Morningstar Investment Management South Africa (Pty) Ltd is an authorized financial services provider, regulated by the South African Financial Sector Conduct Authority to provide financial services, commensurate with the regulatory permissions afforded. Specifically, Morningstar Investment Management South Africa (Pty) Ltd is permitted to undertake activity under both Category I (advisory) and Category II (discretionary) licenses. The related advisory and discretionary activities are delivered pursuant to the associated product approvals, granted by the Financial Sector Conduct Authority.

''Other Regions''

We have a variety of other entities (including in Canada, Hong Kong, India, Japan, and Singapore) that are registered with their respective regulatory bodies; however, the amount of regulated business activity conducted by these entities remains relatively small to date.

''Sustainalytics''

Sustainalytics’ ESG research, ratings and data supports investors around the world with the development and implementation of investment strategies tied to ESG goals and priorities. Via its subsidiary GES International AB, Sustainalytics has notified the Swedish Finansinspektionen under Section 3 of the Act on Proxy Advisors of its business activity as a proxy advisor in Sweden. Sustainalytics UK Ltd. was added to the FCA’s list of Proxy Advisors in early 2022. These regulations require disclosure of information regarding the models and methodologies applied in the preparation of voting recommendations and certain governance information such as a code of conduct and conflicts of interest policies. Other Sustainalytics products including second party opinions on green and sustainability linked bonds, ESG indexes, and the provision of ESG ratings and data have been the subject of proposed legislation. We continue to monitor these developments closely and will assess what modifications will be needed to Sustainalytics' business model, operational processes, and corporate organization in the event potential regulation becomes operative. See the section “Regulatory Trends Affecting Our Business” for a further discussion of these developments.

''Indexes''

With our acquisition of Moorgate Benchmarks, Morningstar’s affiliates, Moorgate Benchmarks Limited and Moorgate Benchmarks GmbH are permissioned to act as a U.K. and EU benchmark administrator, respectively. While this cross-permissioning allows flows of U.K., benchmarks into the EU and vice versa as well as U.S. benchmarks into the UK, the benchmark administrator designation also has significant compliance responsibilities and costs. These compliance responsibilities include specified governance and oversight arrangements, outsourcing limitations, specified items in a code of conduct, key information disclosures, and required systems and controls governing data, complaints and record-keeping. Supplemental regulations under the EU Benchmark Administration contain further operational and administrative requirements and work is underway to evaluate an optimal long-term structure to provision Morningstar’s index services across the region.

== Team ==
As of February 25, 2022, the company had five executive officers. The table below summarizes information about each of these officers.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |Name
! colspan="3" |Age
! colspan="6" |Position
|-
| colspan="3" |Joe Mansueto
| colspan="3" |65
| colspan="6" |Executive Chairman and Chairman of the  Board
|-
| colspan="3" |Kunal Kapoor
| colspan="3" |46
| colspan="6" |Chief Executive Officer
|-
| colspan="3" |Jason Dubinsky
| colspan="3" |48
| colspan="6" |Chief Financial Officer
|-
| colspan="3" |Bevin Desmond
| colspan="3" |55
| colspan="6" |Chief Talent and Culture Officer
|-
| colspan="3" |Danny Dunn
| colspan="3" |46
| colspan="6" |Chief Revenue Officer
|}
'''''Joe Mansueto'''''

Joe Mansueto founded Morningstar in 1984 and served as our chief executive officer from 1984 to 1996 and again from 2000 to 2016. In 2017, he became executive chairman. In September 2019, Mansueto became owner and chairman of Chicago Fire FC, an American professional soccer franchise. Mansueto has served on Morningstar’s board of directors since the company’s inception.

Under Mansueto's leadership, Morningstar was named twice to Fortune magazine’s “100 Best Companies to Work For” list. The Chicago Tribune recognized Morningstar as one of the top 100 workplaces in the Chicago area on three separate occasions under Mansueto’s leadership, and Crain’s Chicago Business listed Morningstar in its Fast Fifty feature four times. While Mansueto was CEO, Morningstar won the AIGA Chicago Chapter Corporate Design Leadership Award, which recognizes forward-thinking organizations that have advanced design by promoting it as a meaningful business policy.

In December 2016, InvestmentNews named Mansueto to its list of 20 Icons & Innovators. MutualFundWire.com recognized Mansueto as one of the 10 most influential individuals in the mutual fund industry in 2015, and he was the recipient of Plansponsor’s Lifetime Achievement Award in 2013. Mansueto has received the Tiburon CEO Summit award, MutualFundWire.com named him ninth on its list of the 100 Most Influential People of the year, and Chicago magazine listed Mansueto among its top 40 Chicago pioneers over the past four decades. SmartMoney magazine recognized Mansueto in the “SmartMoney Power 30,” its annual list of the 30 most powerful forces in business and finance. He has also received the Distinguished Entrepreneurial Alumnus Award from The University of Chicago Booth School of Business.

Mansueto holds a bachelor's degree in business administration from The University of Chicago and a master's degree in business administration from The University of Chicago Booth School of Business.

'''''Kunal Kapoor'''''

Kunal Kapoor, CFA, is chief executive officer of Morningstar and a member of Morningstar’s board of directors. Before assuming his current role in 2017, he served as president, responsible for product development and innovation, sales and marketing, and driving strategic prioritization across the firm.

Since joining Morningstar in 1997 as a data analyst, Kapoor has held a variety of roles at the firm, including leadership positions in research and innovation. He served as director of mutual fund research and was part of the team that launched Morningstar Investment Services, Inc., before moving on to other roles, including director of business strategy for international operations, and later, president and chief investment officer of Morningstar Investment Services. During his tenure, he also led Morningstar.com and the firm’s data business, as well as its global products and client solutions group.

Kapoor holds a bachelor’s degree in economics and environmental policy from Monmouth College and a master’s degree in business administration from The University of Chicago Booth School of Business. He also holds the Chartered Financial Analyst® designation, is a member of the CFA Society of Chicago, served on the board of PitchBook, prior to its acquisition by Morningstar in late 2016, and currently serves on the board of Wealth Enhancement Group, a privately-owned wealth management firm. Kapoor is also a member of the board of trustees of The Nature Conservancy in Illinois. In 2010, Crain’s Chicago Business named him to its annual 40 Under 40 class, a list that includes professionals from a variety of industries who are contributing to Chicago’s business, civic, and philanthropic landscape.

'''''Jason Dubinsky'''''

Jason Dubinsky is chief financial officer for Morningstar, responsible for controllership, tax, internal audit oversight, financial planning and analysis, and investor relations.

Before joining Morningstar in 2017, Dubinsky served as senior vice president and chief financial officer of planning and central operations for Walgreens Boots Alliance, Inc., where he was responsible for accounting and shared service functions for Walgreens' U.S. operations and led the financial planning and analysis function for the global business. Prior to the merger of Walgreens and Alliance Boots in 2014, he was Walgreens' vice president of finance and treasurer, with responsibility for business unit finance, treasury operations, risk management, and investor relations. Before joining Walgreens in 2009, he served as vice president of investment banking at Goldman Sachs and Lehman Brothers, where he led mergers and acquisitions and corporate finance activity for clients across various industries.

Dubinsky holds a bachelor's degree in business administration from the University of Michigan and a master’s degree in business administration from New York University's Stern School of Business.

'''''Bevin Desmond'''''

Bevin Desmond is chief talent and culture officer, a role she has held since 2010. She is responsible for overseeing talent and culture for all of Morningstar’s global operations. She also oversees both quality and transformation as well as Morningstar’s data and development centers.

Desmond joined Morningstar in 1993 and was one of three employees who started the company’s international business in the late 1990s. From 1999 to 2000, she served as manager of all international ventures. From 2000 to 2008, Desmond was president of Morningstar’s international operations while also serving as president of institutional software. Previously, Desmond was head of international operations from 2001 until 2010 – from 2010 to 2017, she held the role of head of global markets in tandem with her role as head of talent & culture.

Desmond also sits on the Morningstar Japan K.K. (MJKK) board of directors and the Skills for Chicagoland's Future board of directors. She was named one of Crain’s Notable Women Over 50 in both 2019 and 2020, and she holds a bachelor's degree in psychology from St. Mary’s College.

'''''Danny Dunn'''''

Danny Dunn is chief revenue officer for Morningstar. He is responsible for sales philosophy, strategy, and execution in order to drive revenue growth.

Before joining Morningstar in 2016, Dunn was vice president of the Midwest Enterprise business unit for IBM, a global information technology firm. He was responsible for marketing, sales, client services, and channels for the complete IBM portfolio, including Cloud, Software, Analytics, Services, and Systems in the region. Prior to that, he held a number of different executive leadership roles of increasing responsibility in the marketing, sales and services functions of the company. Before joining IBM in 2007, he was a practice manager at SmithBucklin, a consulting and business process outsourcing firm.

Dunn holds a bachelor’s degree from the University of Vermont and a master’s degree in business administration, with concentrations in marketing, strategy, and managerial economics, from the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University.

== Risks ==
Risk Factor Summary

Below is a summary of the principal risk factors that could impact our business, financial condition, or operating results. Additional discussion of the risks summarized in this risk factor summary, and other risks that we face, can be found after this summary, and should be carefully considered.

* ''Risks Related to Our Business and Industry''
** Failing to maintain and protect our brand, independence, and reputation may harm our business
** Failing to differentiate our products and services and continuously create innovative, proprietary, and insightful financial technology solutions may harm our competitive position and business results
** Prolonged volatility or downturns affecting the financial sector, global financial markets, and the global economy may impact our results
* ''Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Matters''
** Our investment management operations may subject us to liability for any losses that result from a breach of our fiduciary duties or a failure to comply with our duties to clients under applicable securities laws
** Compliance failures, regulatory action, or changes in laws applicable to our credit ratings operations, investment advisory, ESG and index businesses could adversely affect our business

* ''Risks Related to Our Information Technology and Security''
** We could face significant reputational and financial consequences relating to cybersecurity and the protection of confidential information, including personal information about individuals
** Failing to respond to technological change, keep pace with new technology developments, or adopt a successful technology strategy may negatively affect our competitive position and business results
** We could face liability for the information and data we collect, store, use, create, and distribute or the reports and other documents we publish or that are produced by our software products
* ''Risks Related to Our Operations''
** Our future success depends on our ability to recruit, develop, and retain qualified employees
** Our business, products and facilities are at risk of a number of material disruptive events, including an outage of our database, technology-based products and services or network facilities, which our operational risk management and business continuity programs may not be adequate to address
** Today’s fragmented geopolitical, regulatory and cultural world could adversely affect our ability to maintain growth across our businesses
** The continuing COVID-19 pandemic may have material and adverse impacts on our business, financial condition, and results of operations, the nature and extent of which continue to be uncertain and unpredictable

You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below and all of the other information included in this report when deciding whether to invest in our common stock or otherwise evaluating our business. If any of the following risks or uncertainties materialize, our business, financial condition, or operating results could suffer. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Our operations could also be affected by other risks and uncertainties that are not presently known to us or that we currently consider to be immaterial to our operations.

=== Risks Related to Our Business and Industry ===
'''''Failing to maintain and protect our brand, independence, and reputation may harm our business. Our reputation and business may also be harmed by allegations made about possible conflicts of interest, by other negative publicity or media reports, or by adverse outcomes in regulatory proceedings.'''''

We believe that our brand is well recognized and highly regarded at both a corporate and product level among key decision makers at purchasers and users of our products and services. We also believe independence is at the core of our brand and business, and that our reputation for integrity and high-calibre products and services is a competitive advantage. Any failure to uphold our high ethical standards and ensure that our customers have a consistently positive experience with us could damage our reputation.

Our ESG offerings insert Morningstar publicly into the debate over a variety of non-financial issues surrounding climate, environment, social concerns, and corporate governance which we may be unsuited or unprepared to address. Our position as a leading source of ESG research and opinions may cause proponents of various causes to demand that we publicly take stands on a variety of controversial topics not directly related to our corporate mission of empowering investor success. Critiques of ESG research can become highly politicized and may reflect differences in societal norms and investor expectations in different areas of the world. New product offerings, such as Sustainalytics’ impact ratings, face a challenge to create objective, understandable methodologies in a rapidly developing field without widely accepted standards. We evaluate the potential impact of ESG factors on other companies and risk a claim of hypocrisy if we take or fail to take corporate actions that are or seem inconsistent with our view of best corporate practices.

As our business has evolved, we have entered lines of business and business arrangements that may give rise to allegations of conflicts of interest or perceived failures of our independence. We provide ratings, analyst research, and investment recommendations on mutual funds and other investment products offered by our institutional clients. While we don’t charge asset management firms for their products to be rated, we do charge licensing fees for the use of our ratings. In our index business, jointly developed products and beta indexes on which we earn a fee defy clean categorization under our historical policies that protect the integrity of our research and marketing efforts. We also provide investment advisory and investment management services, including through our own series of mutual funds, which exposes us to the claim that we are acting as both a referee and a player in the investment management industry. In our credit ratings business and Sustainalytics’ Sustainable Finance Solutions products we are participants in an issuer-pay business model under which we receive payments from issuers for our ratings rather than from the investors who consume such ratings. These payments may create the perception that our ratings and research in these areas are not independently determined or reliable. Undertaking proxy voting responsibilities for assets we manage risks a charge of politicizing our investing or false virtue if we don’t meet our customers’ expectations and exemplify their values.

Our business expansion has also resulted in greater exposure to governmental regulation across our product lines. In some cases, such as with respect to our credit ratings business, interactions with regulators are extensive and continuous, raising the risk that they may result in enforcement investigations and proceedings. To the extent any of those investigations or proceedings result in a finding of misconduct or noncompliance, they could pose a significant reputational risk to us and negatively impact our business. Regardless of source, allegations of improper conduct, whether the ultimate outcome is favourable or unfavourable to us, as well as negative publicity or media reports about Morningstar, whether valid or not, may harm our reputation and damage our business.

Our reputation may also be harmed by factors outside of our control, such as news reports about our clients, consultants, or suppliers or adverse publicity about certain types of investment and ratings products. Our reputation could also suffer if we fail to perform competitively in our investment management offerings. In addition, any failures by us to continue to instil effectively in our employees the non-negotiable expectation of independence and integrity may devalue our reputation over time. Morningstar’s corporate culture and reputation contribute to our ability to attract and retain talent, and reputational damage could negatively affect both our hiring and employee retention efforts.

'''''Failing to differentiate our products and services and continuously create innovative, proprietary and insightful financial technology solutions may harm our competitive position and business results.'''''

Our core competencies are around data and research, technology, and design. Morningstar deploys each of these to create unique intellectual property, products, and solutions that clearly convey complex investment information to investors of all kinds. Morningstar offers a suite of solutions that serve individuals, financial advisors, asset managers, retirement plan providers and sponsors, institutional investors in the private capital markets, and participants in the fixed income markets. Morningstar also applies its long-term investing philosophy to managing assets for clients. Our customers have access to a wide selection of investment data, fundamental equity research, manager research, credit ratings, private capital markets research, and ESG data and research, directly on Morningstar’s proprietary desktop or web-based software platforms, or through subscriptions, data feeds, and third-party distributors. Our financial technology solutions also allow advisors to serve investors at all stages of the investing process. Morningstar’s managed portfolio offerings help advisors outsource investment selection and asset allocation through proprietary portfolio strategies based on Morningstar’s valuation-driven, fundamentals-based approach to investing. Applying its expertise in asset allocation, investment selection, and portfolio construction, our global investment team creates long-term investment strategies built on Morningstar’s data and ratings. We also help retirement plan sponsors build high-quality savings programs for employees and advise participants in retirement plans on saving for retirement and choosing plan investments. The breadth and depth of our service offerings set us apart from our competitors, which is a significant competitive advantage.

If we fail to continuously innovate and develop new datasets, research, methodologies, content or software to meet the needs of our customers, our competitive position and business results may suffer. In addition, our reputation could be harmed if we’re perceived as not moving quickly enough to meet the changing needs of investors or their financial advisors. These changing needs include a greater reliance on goals-based investing, the increased use of asset allocation portfolio models, and a significant emphasis on financial planning. There is also increased interest in alternative asset classes creating a need for applicable datasets and analytical expertise. Clients may also delay purchases of our currently offered research tools and software in anticipation of us offering new products or enhanced versions of existing products. Our competitive position and business results may also suffer if other companies have greater breadth of product offerings or are able to successfully introduce innovative, proprietary research tools and software that gain attention from our clients. For example, our credit ratings business’ lack of presence in the CLO market represents a lost opportunity compared to our competitors. We believe lower technology costs, the growth of open software platforms, and cloud computing technologies have lowered the barriers to entry for new competitors, making it easier for new players to enter many of the markets in which we operate. Smaller companies, including startup firms funded by private equity and venture capital, may be able to move more quickly than us to develop data sets, research, tools, and advisor software platforms that gain a wide following.

In addition, the value of our products and services may be negatively affected by the increasing amount of information and tools that are available for free, or at low cost, through Internet sources or other low-cost delivery systems, and by the ability of machine learning and other artificial intelligence systems to process and organize large data sets. Regulations, such as the SEC’s requirement that registered investment companies report their fund portfolio holdings publicly on Form N-PORT, may reduce demand for some of our data sets or make them more easily replicable, at least on a going forward basis. Although we believe our products and services contain value-added features and functionality that deeply embed them in our customers’ workflows, such developments may over time reduce the demand for, or customers’ willingness to pay for, certain of our products and services.

If we fail to introduce innovative, proprietary research tools and frameworks or financial advisor software, we may not generate enough interest from potential clients to win new business. Consolidation within the financial services industry has provided our competitors resources to expand into adjacent business lines, often using our data in innovative ways or focusing on different client types or use cases. We cannot guarantee that we will successfully develop new product features and tools that differentiate our product offerings from those of our competitors.

In addition, we must make long-term investments and commit significant resources often before knowing whether such investments will result in products or services that satisfy our clients’ needs or generate revenues sufficient to justify such investments. For example, the adoption of ESG strategies across the financial adviser segment has been slower than we expected, impacting Sustainalytics’ products, and the reticence of some recordkeepers to embrace direct to plan participant sales and marketing efforts has impacted the pace of adoption of some of our retirement solutions offerings. In addition, from time to time, we also incur costs to transition clients to new or enhanced products or services. Such transitions can involve material execution risks and challenges. If we are unable to manage these investments and transitions successfully, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

'''''Prolonged volatility or downturns affecting the financial sector, global financial markets, and the global economy may impact our results, resulting in lower revenue from asset-based fees and credit ratings business, as well as other parts of our business to a lesser extent.'''''

Our business results are partly driven by factors outside of our control, including general economic and financial market trends which may be impacted by changes in interest rates, availability of credit, inflation rates, changes in laws, trade barriers, commodity prices, currency exchange rates and controls, and national and international political circumstances. Prolonged downturns, sustained volatility in the financial markets, interest and inflation rate fluctuations, or a lack of investor confidence could reduce investor interest and investment activity and decrease demand for our software, data, and analyst research products. Intermittent volatility that reduces credit issuance or increases investor interest in non-traditional investment vehicles can put negative pressure on our credit ratings and investment management businesses, respectively. Any unfavorable changes in the market environment in which we operate could cause a corresponding negative effect on our business results. As a result, we may experience lower revenue, operating income, and other financial results in the event of a market downturn.

For our licensed-based businesses, many of our customers are asset-management firms and other financial-services companies, which are also subject to external trends and changes. The ascendence of passive strategies may affect both the profitability of asset managers, on whose success we in part depend, and the perceived value of our research regarding such strategies. A sustained global recession or other financial crisis would likely lead to material spending cutbacks among many of the companies to which we sell and longer sales cycles. There is currently uncertainty regarding the duration and long-term economic and societal consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the effects of unprecedented levels of fiscal and monetary stimulus, which may cause clients to modify spending decisions. Consolidation in the financial services sector reduces the number of potential clients for our products and services. These trends could impact demand for our products and services or change the financial services landscape in which we operate.

Many companies in the financial services industry have also been subject to sustained pressure to reduce fees. As a result, many of these firms have sought to reduce their operating costs by working with fewer service providers and/or negotiating lower fees for services they purchase. Changes in the nature of the financial advice delivered to investors or the manner of its delivery can also negatively affect our business. For instance, changes in financial advisor activity away from security selection to goals-based asset allocation and portfolio construction and the increasing use of model portfolios, as well as the growth of online wealth management tools that provide automated, algorithm-based portfolio management advice, sometimes called robo-advice, may further reduce demand for our security-specific data and analyst research. Our PitchBook business may also be subject to cyclical trends specific to the private capital markets. Many of PitchBook's clients are investment banks and other participants in the capital and M&A markets, which are subject to periodic business downturns driven by changes in such markets. During these downturns, they often seek to reduce spending on third-party services, as well as the number of employees, which would directly affect the number of prospective clients for PitchBook. As a data and research provider focusing on the private capital markets (including venture capital, private equity, and M&A activities), PitchBook may also be subject to volatility based on the amount of activity and market interest in these areas.

The amount of asset-based revenue we earn primarily depends on the value of assets on which we provide advisory services, and the size of our asset base can increase or decrease along with trends in market performance. Our revenue from asset-based fees may be adversely affected by market declines, and the industrywide trend toward lower asset-based fees. Asset levels can also be affected if net inflows into the portfolios on which we provide investment advisory services drop or if these portfolios experience redemptions. A drop in net inflows or an increase in redemptions can result from a variety of factors, including overall market conditions or uncompetitive investment performance. If the level of assets on which we provide investment advisory or investment management services goes down, we expect our fee-based revenue to show a corresponding decline. The introduction of non-traditional asset classes such as cryptocurrencies, private debt, real estate, structured products and collectibles, which lack a historical record of performance akin to traditional assets, into our investment research and strategies and managed assets may result in adverse outcomes and headline risk if they fail to perform in the manner that we anticipate.

In addition, consolidation throughout the financial services industry among custodians, registered investment advisers, discount brokers, and record keepers provides surviving companies scale and resources to expand into adjacent service offerings which may compete with ours. For example, we have seen asset managers roll out model portfolios that compete with our managed portfolio offering. This trend requires us to continually expand and customize our service offerings and ensure that our products remain seamlessly integrated with our customers’ business processes and technology.

Our largest transaction-based business, the credit ratings business, can be severely impacted by volatility in U.S. and international financial markets due to its dependence on the number and dollar volume of debt securities issued in the capital markets. Market disruptions and economic slowdowns have in the past negatively impacted, and may in the future negatively impact, the volume of debt securities issued in global capital markets and the demand for credit ratings. Ample market liquidity may be masking the true impact on credits as global economies emerge from the pandemic government support programs and central bank interventions. This makes it harder to explain our differentiated credit views and may produce a wave of negative publicity against the credit ratings business generally if an unanticipated wave of defaults result in conditions that reduce issuers’ ability or willingness to issue debt securities, such as market volatility, uncertainty in the outlook for inflation, declining growth, currency devaluations, or other adverse economic trends, reduce the number and value of debt issuances for which we provide credit ratings services and thereby adversely affect the fees we earn in our credit ratings business. Future debt issuances also could be negatively affected by increases in interest rates, widening credit spreads, regulatory and political developments, growth in the use of alternative sources of credit, and defaults by significant issuers. Our ability to reduce costs in the event of such adverse developments can be negatively impacted by, among other things, our obligations to monitor and maintain outstanding ratings. Declines or other changes in the markets for debt securities may materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.

Our transactional business results may also be hurt by negative trends in Internet advertising sales. Many advertisers have shifted some of their advertising spend to programmatic buying platforms that target users on other sites, which has from time to time had a negative effect on advertising revenue for our website for individual investors, Morningstar.com. The reliance on virtual or hybrid events as the COVID-19 pandemic continued to restrict large gatherings during 2021 impacted our financial results for our Morningstar-sponsored investor conferences around the world. We are uncertain whether these trends will continue.

'''''Our acquisitions and other investments may not be efficiently integrated or may not produce the results we anticipate.'''''

We have completed numerous acquisitions over the past 10 years, and we intend to continue to pursue selective acquisitions to support our business strategy. However, there can be no assurance we can identify suitable acquisition candidates at acceptable prices. In addition, each acquisition presents potential challenges and risks. We may not achieve the growth targets that we established for the acquired business at the time of the acquisition. The process of integration may require more resources than we expected or present challenges that were not foreseen.

We may assume unintended liabilities or experience operating difficulties or costs that we did not forecast. We may also fail to retain key personnel of the acquired business, which would make it difficult to follow through on our operating goals for the business. If an acquisition does not generate the results we anticipate, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We also have, and intend to continue to make, various investments in companies where we do not have or obtain a controlling interest. Such investments are motivated both by their prospective financial return and the access they give us to certain new technologies, products, business ideas, and management teams. While we obtain various rights in connection with such investments, the future value of such investments is highly dependent on the management skill of the managers of those companies.

We expect to continue making acquisitions and establishing investments and joint ventures as part of our long-term business strategy. Acquisitions, investments, and joint ventures involve a number of risks. They can be time-consuming and may divert management’s attention from day-to-day operations, particularly if numerous acquisitions are in process at the same time. Financing an acquisition could result in dilution from issuing equity securities, reduce our financial flexibility because of reductions in our cash balance, or result in a weaker balance sheet from incurring debt.

=== Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Matters ===
'''''Our investment management operations may subject us to liability for any losses that result from a breach of our fiduciary duties or a failure to comply with our duties to clients under applicable securities laws.'''''

Three of our subsidiaries, Morningstar Investment Management LLC, Morningstar Investment Services LLC, and Morningstar Research Services LLC, are registered as investment advisors with the SEC under the Advisers Act. As Registered Investment Advisors, these entities are subject to the requirements and regulations of the Advisers Act. These requirements primarily relate to record-keeping, reporting, and standards of care, as well as general anti-fraud prohibitions. The fiduciary duties of a Registered Investment Adviser to its clients include an obligation of good faith and full and fair disclosure of all facts material to the client’s engagement of the advisor, an obligation to provide investment advice suitable for the particular client, an obligation to have a reasonable, independent basis for investment recommendations, an obligation when directing client brokerage transactions to seek the best execution thereof, and an obligation to vote client proxies in the best interests of the client. As Registered Investment Advisors, these subsidiaries are subject to on-site examination by the SEC.

In addition, in cases where these subsidiaries provide investment advisory services to retirement plans and their participants, they may be acting as fiduciaries under ERISA. As fiduciaries under ERISA, they have obligations to act in the best interest of their clients. They also have duties of loyalty and prudence, as well as duties to diversify investments and to follow plan documents to comply with the applicable portions of ERISA. We may face liabilities for actual or claimed breaches of our fiduciary duties, particularly in areas where we provide retirement advice and managed retirement accounts. In some of our retirement contracts, we act as an ERISA fiduciary by, for example, selecting and monitoring a broad range of diversified plan options. We also provide a managed account service for retirement plan participants who elect to have their accounts managed by our programs. Such activities have been the subject of extensive class action litigation, including one such proceeding involving us that was dismissed.

We rely on automated investment technology for our retirement advice and managed retirement accounts services. The Wealth Forecasting Engine is our core advice and managed accounts engine that determines appropriate asset allocations for retirement plan participants and assigns individuals to portfolios. We also rely on automated portfolio construction tools. As these become more interconnected with other product offerings, including the technology of clients and other third parties, the increasing complexity of the technology requires more expertise and efforts to manage and test. Problems could arise if these programs do not work as intended, particularly if we failed to detect program errors over an extended period and are found to be a breach of our fiduciary duty or applicable law. There is a need to continually invest in training to develop and maintain in-house expertise to manage these systems effectively.

We seek to constantly innovate and improve our retirement services offering, for example to add new capabilities in annuities, and in doing so, we regularly release new versions of the technology and update our methodology. Additional customer support may be needed to ensure that clients implement the new, more complex, versions and updates properly and understand the implications for their plan participants. More resources may also be required to continue to support legacy versions of the Wealth Forecasting Engine. If we make an error, we may be subject to potentially large liabilities for make-whole payments and/or litigation. We cannot quantify the potential size of these liabilities with any level of precision.

Our subsidiaries outside the U.S. that have investment advisory operations are subject to similar requirements. In addition, we may face other legal liabilities based on other theories of liability relating to various substantive requirements of the Advisers Act and other federal and state securities laws, even in the absence of an actual or claimed breach of fiduciary duty. We could face substantial liabilities related to the investment advisory and management services we provide.

'''''Compliance failures, regulatory action, or changes in laws applicable to our credit ratings operations, investment advisory, ESG and index businesses could adversely affect our business.'''''

DBRS Morningstar, our credit ratings business, operates in a highly regulated environment in Canada, the U.S., the U.K., and the EU. The laws and regulations governing credit ratings impose substantial ongoing compliance obligations and costs and subject DBRS Morningstar to regular regulatory examinations and occasional investigations, relating to the company itself or sometimes to the credit ratings industry as a whole. In operating under these laws and regulations, DBRS Morningstar can experience good faith uncertainty over the scope, interpretation, and administration of such laws and regulations. In addition, differences between the laws and rules governing credit rating agencies in Canada, the U.S., the U.K., and the EU can result in inconsistent regulatory requirements that it may not be possible to fully reconcile in a cost-efficient manner for a credit rating agency of DBRS Morningstar's size.

New laws, regulations and regulatory implementation guidance may also affect the day-to-day operation of the business of DBRS Morningstar, its customers, and users of its credit ratings, including by imposing new or expanded requirements on such matters as communications with issuers as part of the rating assignment process, conflict of interest monitoring, the manner in which DBRS Morningstar’s ratings are developed and communicated, the manner in which customers may use credit ratings, and other aspects of the business model for credit rating agencies. Failures by DBRS Morningstar could lead to negative publicity, fines, settlements, and/or temporary or permanent operating restrictions. Further, many aspects of credit ratings agency policies and practices and their compliance with applicable law, regulations, contracts and license arrangements are not the subject of definitive regulatory guidance or case law.

Our investment management operations are subject to complex securities laws and other laws in multiple jurisdictions. The activities of our investment advisory operations in the U.S. are subject to provisions of the Advisers Act, ERISA, and, in the case of our advisory relationship with the Morningstar Funds Trust, the Investment Company Act of 1940 and the Commodity Exchange Act. In addition, Morningstar Investment Services is a broker/dealer registered under the Exchange Act and is subject to the rules of FINRA. If we fail to comply with securities laws and other regulatory requirements, we may be subject to fines or other events that could have a negative effect on our business. For example, recent SEC amendments to the advertising and solicitation rule for registered investment advisers, resulted in costs to comply with new evaluation, implementation, and disclosure requirements in our investment management operations, as well as costs to modify software used by our unaffiliated registered investment adviser clients who must also comply with such amendments.

We also provide investment advisory services in other areas around the world, and our operations are subject to additional regulations in markets outside the U.S. In preparation for the end of the transition period following the U.K.’s exit from the EU, we restructured our European investment management operations. While we have been conditionally granted authorization for our French investment advisory subsidiary to continue to provide investment advisory services to those EU institutional clients previously serviced by our U.K. based investment advisory subsidiary, this process has been time consuming and has resulted in increased costs and duplication of functions. Furthermore, as there has not been an “equivalence” determination in terms of applicable regulations in the U.K. and the EU following Brexit, we anticipate ongoing costs to monitor and comply with potentially diverging legal and regulatory developments in each jurisdiction.

The Morningstar Funds Trust, a registered open-end mutual fund for which Morningstar Investment Management acts as investment advisor under an investment management agreement. The independent Board of Trustees of the Morningstar Funds Trust must annually approve the terms of the investment management agreement (including fees) and can terminate the agreement upon 60-days' notice. If we are no longer able to satisfy the Board of Trustees of our effective management of the Morningstar Funds Trust, the Board has authority to lower the fees that we receive or terminate our contract, which could have a material adverse effect on the revenues and net income of our investment advisory services.

Our Sustainalytics business could be negatively affected by increased regulation of ESG research and data. The European Commission’s legislative proposal for registering and supervising companies that act as external reviewers for green bonds aligned with the European Green Bond Standards (EuGBS) framework would require significant investments to build and maintain appropriate internal control and compliance processes for these teams. Similarly, the FCA and International Organization of Securities Commissions’ consultation papers on proposed ESG regulation of climate-related issuer disclosures and ESG rating and data providers prescribe governance policies, quality assurance and control programs, and standardized procedures and methodologies related to data collection and fees. We are also monitoring activities of regulators in North America and APAC that have announced that they are reviewing this topic and are preparing proposed legislation. Such regulatory regimes could impose significant compliance burdens and costs on Sustainalytics and, as with all new regulation, could be subject to ambiguous interpretation that could result in inadvertent noncompliance. Furthermore, as our Sustainalytics business operates globally and we look to integrate ESG factors throughout our products, we may be subject to future regulation in multiple jurisdictions, which may be inconsistent.

Our index business could be negatively affected by increased regulation of benchmarks generally, which could increase the costs and risks of producing and administering indexes. With our acquisition of Moorgate Benchmarks, Morningstar has affiliates permissioned to act as a EU and U.K. benchmark administrator. While this cross-permissioning allows flows of U.K. benchmarks into the EU and vice versa, the benchmark administrator designation also has significant compliance responsibilities and costs. These compliance responsibilities include specified governance and oversight arrangements, outsourcing limitations, specified items in a code of conduct, key information disclosures, and systems and controls governing data, complaints and record-keeping. Supplemental regulations under the EU Benchmark Administration contain further operational and administrative requirements which may be costly to implement. Such regulations may create a competitive advantage for Morningstar by discouraging competitors but they may also lead to declining demand for indexes among market participants.

The laws, rules, and regulations, and their interpretations, applicable to our business may change in the future, and we may not be able to comply with these changes without extensive changes to our business practices. In the recent past, the scope and pace of global regulatory change has both increased and involved shorter compliance time frames, which has increased both the risk that we will properly identify and respond to regulatory changes applicable to our operations and the risk that we will implement such changes on a timely and complete basis. Regulations aimed at increasing transparency for investors or providing individuals greater control over their own data may devalue the investments we have made in our data sets or reduce their use cases. In addition, the broad scope of our business operations makes it more difficult to monitor areas that may be subject to regulatory and compliance risk. Developments, such as the National Security Law in Hong Kong which reduce press freedoms, could impact the safety of our local employees and ultimately cause us to discontinue operations in that jurisdiction. If we fail to comply with any applicable law, rule, or regulation, we could be fined, sanctioned, or barred from providing certain products and services in the future, which could adversely affect our business.

'''''Failure to protect our intellectual property rights, or claims of intellectual property infringement against us, could harm our brand and ability to compete effectively.'''''

The steps we have taken to protect our intellectual property may not be adequate to safeguard our proprietary information. We rely primarily on patent, trademark, copyright, and trade secret rights, as well as contractual protections and technical safeguards, to protect our intellectual property rights and proprietary information. Despite these efforts, third parties may still attempt to challenge, invalidate, or circumvent our rights or improperly obtain our proprietary information. Further, effective trademark, copyright, and trade secret protection may not be available in every country in which we offer our services. Some of our intellectual property was obtained pursuant to a business or asset acquisition and the previous owners of the acquired business may not have taken similar measures to protect the acquired intellectual property. Failure to adequately protect our intellectual property could harm our brand, devalue our proprietary content, and affect our ability to compete in the marketplace.

From time to time, we encounter jurisdictions in which one or more third parties have a pre-existing trademark registration in certain relevant international classes that may prevent us from registering our own marks in those jurisdictions. Our continued ability to use the “Morningstar” name or logo, either on a stand-alone basis or in association with certain products or services, could be compromised in those jurisdictions because of these pre-existing registrations. Similarly, from time to time, we encounter situations in certain jurisdictions where one or more third parties are already using the Morningstar name, either as part of a registered corporate name, a registered domain name, or otherwise. Our ability to effectively market certain products and/or services in those locations could be adversely affected by these pre-existing usages.

We have from time to time been subject to claims by third parties alleging infringement of their intellectual property rights. Such claims can also be alleged against clients, customers, or distributors of our products or services whom we have agreed to indemnify against third party claims of infringement. The defense of such claims can be costly and consume valuable management time and attention. We may be forced to settle such claims on unfavorable terms, which can include the payment of damages, the entry into royalty or licensing arrangements on commercially unfavorable terms, or the suspension of our ability to offer affected products or services. If litigation were to arise from any such claim, there can be no certainty we would prevail in it. If any of these risks were to materialize, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

=== Risks Related to Our Information Technology and Security ===
'''''We could face significant reputational and financial consequences relating to cybersecurity and the protection of confidential information, including personal information about individuals.'''''

Our business requires that we securely collect, process, store, and transmit confidential information, including personal information, relating to our operations, customers, employees, and other third parties. We continuously invest in systems, processes, controls, and other security measures to guard against the risk of improper access to or release of such information. However, these measures do not guarantee absolute security, and improper access to or release of confidential information may still occur through employee error or malfeasance, system error, other inadvertent release, failure to properly purge and protect data, or cyberattack.

We may suffer malicious attacks by individuals or groups (including those sponsored by nation-states, terrorist organizations, or global corporations) seeking to attack our products and services or penetrate our network infrastructure to gain access to intellectual property, confidential or personal information, or to facilitate distributed denial of service attacks. While we have dedicated resources responsible for maintaining appropriate levels of cybersecurity and implemented systems and processes intended to help identify cyberattacks and protect and remediate our network infrastructure, these attacks have become increasingly frequent, sophisticated, and difficult to detect. Even if we are not directly impacted by an attack, time and effort must be spent confirming our status and communicating internally and with other stakeholders. Our measures may not be adequate for all eventualities and may be vulnerable to circumvention of security systems, denial of service attacks or other cyberattacks, hacking, “phishing” attacks, computer viruses, ransomware or malware, employee or insider error, employee or vendor malfeasance, social engineering, physical breaches or other malicious actions. Furthermore, these security measures are less effective in situations where employees are utilizing personal devices and home networks while working remotely.

We may also be impacted by a cyberattack targeting one of our vendors or within our technology supply chain or infrastructure. Security breaches at government agencies and other companies have led to enhanced government and regulatory scrutiny of the measures taken by companies to protect against cyberattacks and may in the future result in heightened cybersecurity requirements, including additional regulatory expectations for oversight of customers, vendors, and service providers. These risks may be heightened as we offer employees flexibility to work more frequently from remote work environments, our dependency on certain service providers, such as video conferencing and web conferencing services, has significantly increased. Our information technology systems interact with those of customers, vendors, and service providers and collect an increasing amount of data as we expand our product and service offerings. As a result, inadequacies of our customers’ security technologies and practices introduce additional risk and cost of monitoring, and may only be detected after a security breach has occurred.

Any failure to safeguard confidential information or any material cybersecurity failures or incidents in our systems (or the systems of a customer, vendor, or service provider which stores or processes confidential information for which we are responsible) could cause us to experience reputational harm, loss of customers, regulatory actions, sanctions or other statutory penalties, litigation, or financial losses and increased expenses related to addressing or mitigating the risks associated with any such material failures or incidents.

In addition to the risks above related to general confidential information, we may also be subject to specific obligations relating to personal information and personal financial information. Our products and websites in certain cases collect, store, process, and transmit personal information about an individual, including personally identifiable information and personal financial information such as portfolio holdings, account numbers, and credit card information. Our business also operates across national borders and routinely moves personal information from one jurisdiction to another. Regulators and political leaders in various countries are increasingly interested in restricting cross-border data transfers that they perceive as problematic. We and our customers are often subject to federal, state, and foreign laws relating to privacy, cybersecurity, and data protection. The scope of the laws that may be applicable is often uncertain and required practices may be inconsistent with laws of other jurisdictions. Consequently, our business is subject to a variety of continuously evolving and possibly conflicting regulations and customer requirements. Our compliance with these changing and increasingly burdensome regulations and requirements may cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices which may impact financial results. If we fail to comply with these regulations or requirements, we may be exposed to litigation expenses and possible significant liability, fees, or fines. For example, in the EU, noncompliance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) requirements could result in penalties of up to 4% of worldwide revenues.

One of Morningstar’s core strengths is the ability to collect data and enrich it with data from another part of the business to provide valuable information and insights to investors. As data is accessible across our products, consistent data privacy practices and disclosure becomes more important and challenging. Failure to comply with our public statements or to adequately disclose our privacy or data protection practices could result in costly investigations by governmental authorities, litigation, and fines as well as reputational damage and customer loss.

We also from time to time acquire other companies that collect and process personal information. While we perform extensive due diligence on the technology systems and practices of these companies, there can be no assurance that such companies have not suffered data breaches or system intrusions prior to or continuing after our acquisition for which we may be liable. Acquired businesses may not have invested as heavily in such security measures or data privacy controls and they introduce additional cybersecurity and data privacy risk as their systems are integrated with ours.

While we maintain insurance coverage that is intended to address certain aspects of cybersecurity and data protection risks, such coverage may not be sufficient to cover all or the majority of the costs, losses, or types of claims. Our insurance coverage would not extend to any reputational damage, loss of customers, or required improvements to our systems.

'''''Failing to respond to technological change, keep pace with new technology developments, or adopt a successful technology strategy may negatively affect our competitive position and business results.'''''

We believe innovation in the financial technology landscape continues to accelerate. Developments in technology are fundamentally changing the ways investors, financial intermediaries, and other market participants access data and content. Examples include the shift from local network computing to cloud-based systems, the proliferation of wireless mobile devices, rapid acceleration in the use of social media platforms, the dissemination of data through application programming interfaces that permit real-time updating rather than raw data feeds, the proliferation of machine learning and other artificial intelligence technologies, and the adoption of distributed ledger or “blockchain” technologies. These technological developments can render our existing products less competitive, obsolete or unmarketable. As a result, our future success will continue to depend upon our ability to identify and develop new products and enhancements that address the future needs of our target markets and to deliver them in ways that support our customers’ business models.

As our customers further automate their business processes, their need for our products may change and the technological flexibility and interoperability of our systems may become more important. For example, the pandemic accelerated advisor and client demand for digital, friction-free technology and experiences with our turnkey asset management platform, shining a light on dated, legacy operational workflows. In addition, there has been an increasing focus on technology not merely supplying additional tools for users, but also offering solutions to specific client problems. We have a myriad of potential technology investments across our product lines and need to prioritize scarce technology resources to focus on products that best meet the needs and priorities of our customers.

Our software development process is based on frequently rolling out new features so that we can quickly incorporate user feedback. However, at times adoption of new features or enhanced versions, for example of some of our workplace solutions products, is slowed by the significant client investment required for more advanced use cases. While some changes in technology may offer opportunities for Morningstar, we cannot guarantee that we will successfully adapt our product offerings to meet evolving customer needs or that the transition to such new offerings will be seamless. If we fail to develop and implement new technology rapidly enough, we may sacrifice new business opportunities or renewals from existing customers. We may also incur additional operating expense if major software projects take longer than anticipated or if clients decline to migrate to new systems and we must support multiple platforms over an extended period of time. Our competitive position depends on our execution speed and we regularly face new competitors from venture capital funded fintech firms that may be significantly more focused or nimble.

Our technology is also heavily dependent on the quality and comprehensiveness of our data and our ability to successfully build analytics, research, and other intellectual property around that data. For example, in order to provide the personalized holistic advice that clients value, we need to collect, organize, and protect large, non-homogenous datasets and synthesize and effectively analyze the insights offered by this data. We are investing significant resources in consolidating our various data assets and improving their usability and deliverability across our platform of products. Our competitive position and business results may suffer if we fail to realize the value and potential of our data assets.

Finally, we rely on technology for our own internal business operations and must continually evaluate these tools to ensure they are sufficient for our expanding needs. If we are unable to develop or purchase technology to support our finance, legal, compliance, audit, human resources, and other corporate teams, these functions may operate inefficiently, at higher cost, or with greater risks than is necessary.

'''''We could face liability for the information and data we collect, store, use, create, and distribute or the reports and other documents we publish or that are produced by our software products.'''''

We may be subject to claims for securities law violations, defamation (including libel and slander), negligence, or other claims relating to the information we publish, including our research and credit ratings. For example, investors may take legal action against us if they rely on published information that contains an error, or a company may claim that we have made a defamatory statement about it or its employees. In addition, in our credit ratings business, we have access to significant amounts of material nonpublic information on issuers of securities, the inadvertent disclosure of which, or the misappropriation by employees or others, could expose us to various liabilities under securities and other laws. Less significant errors could still require us to remove ratings, research, or data temporarily which could diminish the perceived value of the product or cause us to be deficient in our service-level agreements with clients that require us to meet certain obligations for delivering time-sensitive, up-to-date data and information.

Some of our products support the investment processes or the client account reporting practices and other activities of our clients who manage significant assets of other parties. Use of our products as part of such activities creates the risk that clients, or the parties whose assets are managed by our clients, may pursue claims against us for losses that may have some connection to our products, and we may be subject to investigation of our products and their use by government regulators who regulate the business of our clients. In the case of software products, even though most of our contracts for such products contain limitations of our liability in such cases, we may be required to make such clients or their customers whole for any losses in order to maintain our business relationships. We could also be subject to claims based on the content that is accessible from our website through links to other websites.

We rely on a variety of outside parties as the original sources for the information we use in our published data. These sources include securities exchanges, fund companies, hedge funds, transfer agents, issuers, and other data providers. We also incorporate data from a variety of third-party sources for many of our products including PitchBook. Accordingly, in addition to possible exposure for publishing incorrect information that results directly from our own errors, we could face liability based on inaccurate data provided to us by others. For example, our Sustainalytics business is reliant on self-reported information for some of its issuer focused ESG ratings and analysis. We also face the risk that a significant data source terminates its distribution of the data to us, which could impact our products, research, or other calculations that utilize that information.

We could be subject to claims by providers of data and information we compile from websites and other sources that we have improperly obtained that data in violation of the source’s copyrights or terms of use. We could also be subject to claims from third parties, such as securities exchanges from which we license and redistribute data and information, that we have used or redistributed the data or information in ways not permitted by our license rights or that we have inadequately permissioned our clients to use such data. The agreements with such exchanges and other data providers give them extensive data use audit rights, and such audits can be expensive and time consuming and potentially result in substantial fines. We could also be subject to claims from regulators that we have mishandled private ratings or nonpublic data and information, in particular in our credit ratings business. These regulatory bodies have audit rights regarding our data use which could have similar adverse consequences in terms of time, expense, or fines. Defending claims based on the information we publish could be expensive and time-consuming and could adversely impact our business, operating results, and financial condition.

Finally, our global business regularly seeks to optimize our data storage in order to improve information accuracy and streamline the technology, which supports our business operations. These efforts are constrained by data privacy legislation, such as GDPR, which defines standards for storage, transfer, and use of certain personal information from and about individuals. Legislation aimed at protecting material nonpublic information or mitigating potential conflicts of interest further define how certain information can be accessed and retained which may result in less efficient or higher cost technological processes and infrastructure.

=== Risks Related to Our Operations ===
'''''Our future success depends on our ability to recruit, develop, and retain qualified employees.'''''

Our strategy envisions building and expanding our business which requires identifying, attracting, hiring, and on-boarding new qualified employees. Engineering, research, quantitative, fixed income data, credit analysis and ESG skill sets are particularly needed to capitalize on near-term growth opportunities. We experience competition for analysts, technology experts, data and software engineers, and other employees from other companies and organizations. While we have a geographically diversified workforce location strategy, building valued teams in a variety of locations around the globe, we experience recruiting challenges in nearly all our global locations. Such significant talent acquisition activities place a strain on our human resource management team. We must continue to refine and expand our recruiting capabilities, our systems and processes in order to meet this need in a highly competitive employment market.

The development, maintenance, and support of our products and services are also dependent upon the knowledge, skills, experience, and abilities of our existing employees. We invest in our employees’ continued development and growth through learning tools, educational stipends, speaker series, mentoring, and other resources to help them chart a fulfilling career at Morningstar. We are also thoughtful about employee engagement and communications to keep our staff focused and motivated by our mission. However, recent changes in labor markets such as the willingness of some employers to offer fully remote work and the so-called “Great Resignation” brought on, in part, by the COVID-19 pandemic, may make it more difficult for us to retain existing employees or maintain traditional workplace arrangements.

We believe the success of our business depends to a significant extent upon the continued service of our executives and other key employees. However, the talents and experience of these individuals make them attractive candidates to many of our peers, which are also experiencing significant business growth, as well as to early-stage companies that can offer the potential for outsize financial rewards if they are successful. Thus competition for these employees is intense and a high velocity of employee turnover creates a need to think strategically about the timing of new projects and initiatives to manage workloads. We may not be able to retain these employees or to develop and retain similar highly qualified personnel in the future.

In addition, we are exposed to overall rising wage scales in the employment markets in which many of our facilities are located, which negatively affects our ability to hire personnel generally without significantly increasing our compensation costs. Inflationary concerns, the recent strong stock performance in our sector and shortages of applicants with certain skills put upward pressure on wages. Shifting preferences regarding remote work flexibility and a backlog of immigration applications can further complicate employment offer negotiations with potential candidates and delay start dates.

Our future success also depends on the continued service of our executive officers, including Joe Mansueto, our Executive Chairman and Chairman of the Board and largest shareholder, and Kunal Kapoor, our Chief Executive Officer. The loss of Mansueto, Kapoor, or other executive officers could hurt our business, operating results, or financial condition. We do not have employment agreements, noncompete agreements, or life insurance policies in place with any of our executive officers. They may leave us and work for our competitors or start their own competing businesses.

'''''Our business, products and facilities are at risk of a number of material disruptive events, including an outage of our database, technology-based products and services or network facilities, which our operational risk management and business continuity programs may not be adequate to address.'''''

Our business and major products are dependent on our ability to provide data, software applications, and other products and services on a current and time-sensitive basis. We rely extensively on our computer systems, database storage facilities, and other network infrastructure, which is located across multiple facilities in the U.S. and globally. We are at risk of disruptions from numerous factors, including pandemic, violent incident, natural disaster, power loss, telecommunications and Internet failures, civil unrest, cybersecurity attacks and breaches, and other events beyond our reasonable control. We are also subject to potential shortcomings in our own business resilience practices, such as failures to fully understand dependencies between different business processes across the locations in which they are performed, inadequate vendor risk assessment and management processes and critical vendor dependencies, concentration of certain critical activities in areas of geopolitical risk, concentration of certain skills and know-how with small groups of key employees, and possibly ineffective location recovery strategies in the event of a location disruption. As we grow through acquisitions, the newly acquired businesses may not have invested in technological infrastructure and disaster recovery to the same extent as we have. As their systems are integrated into ours, a vulnerability could be introduced, which could impact our platforms across the company.

We continue to develop processes to support our employees working remotely, but we remain exposed to disruptive events at our significant office locations. Our corporate headquarters in Chicago, Illinois is the home office for a significant number of our employees including most of our executive leadership team, as well as substantial numbers of employees involved in the delivery of most of our major products and services. Our data collection, technology, and operational center in Mumbai, India is also a significant location where employees maintain and update our equity database and PitchBook's data and research operations, and provide shared services to many of our operations. We also have a substantial number of employees working in our data and technology development center in Shenzhen, China. We rely on these employees to maintain and update our mutual fund database and work on other projects. We engage third party vendors in several locations, including Colombia, India, and Ukraine, which provide contract labor in support of our operations. If a pandemic, war, natural disaster, violent incident, or another dangerous emergency significantly impacted the safety or communication connectivity of people living in and around these locations, we might not be able to continue business operations at an acceptable level that would meet all our legal and contractual commitments. Each of these locations has experienced various types of geopolitical risks and changes in laws and regulations relating to data privacy, security, protection of intellectual property rights, and acceptable telecommunication infrastructure which create uncertainty regarding our long-term operations there. Any extended disruptions to our operations in these locations would make it difficult for us to meet our operating goals.

Our operations and those of our suppliers and customers are vulnerable to interruption by fire, earthquake, power loss, telecommunications failure, terrorist attacks, wars, computer viruses, and other events beyond our control. Our database and network facilities may also be vulnerable to external attacks that misappropriate our data, corrupt our databases, or limit access to our information systems. We rely on cloud providers and other vendors to maintain, service, and improve our technological infrastructure, which underpins and protects our data, research, and other products and services. To defend against these threats, we implement a series of controls focusing on both prevention and detection, including firewalls, intrusion detection systems, automated scanning and testing, server hardening, antivirus software, training, and patch management. We make significant investments in servers, storage, and other network infrastructure to prevent incidents of network failure and downtime, but we cannot guarantee that these efforts will work as planned. If disruptions, failures, or slowdowns of these electronic delivery systems or the Internet occur, our ability to distribute our products and services effectively and to serve our customers may be impaired.

We are shifting the storage of our data and delivery of several of our products and services to cloud-based delivery systems. We rely on cloud providers and other vendors to maintain, service, and improve our technological infrastructure, which underpins and protects our data, research, and other products and services. Some of these providers have recently experienced widely reported service disruptions that affected numerous customers including ourselves. In addition, as we offer our employees opportunities to work from remote environments more frequently, the daily activities and productivity of our work force is now closely tied to key vendors, such as video conferencing services, consistently delivering their services without material disruption. Our ability to deliver information using the Internet and to operate in a remote working environment may be impaired because of infrastructure failures, service outages at third-party Internet providers, malicious attacks, or other factors. If disruptions, failures, or slowdowns of these electronic delivery systems or the Internet occur, our ability to distribute our products and services effectively and to serve our customers may be impaired.

We maintain off-site backup facilities for our data, but we cannot guarantee that these facilities will operate as expected during an interruption that affects our primary facility. There may be single points of failure that affect our core databases, data transfer interfaces, or storage area networks. We may not be able to fully recover data or information lost during a database or network facility outage. Any losses, service disruption, or damages incurred by us could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, or financial condition.

'''''Today’s fragmented geopolitical, regulatory, and cultural world could adversely affect our ability to maintain growth across our businesses.'''''

Morningstar’s strategy for growth involves, in part, continuous expansion into new and adjacent product lines to anticipate and meet our customers’ needs. Our ability to realize those opportunities in one of our businesses, however, may be hindered by regulatory requirements governing a different business within the Morningstar group. In certain cases, regulatory sanctions against one of our businesses could affect our ability to continue to operate in unrelated regulated areas. In addition, the day-to-day sharing and optimization of the value of our intellectual property across our product lines can be affected by regulatory concerns. For example, in response to regulatory requirements we are evaluating our implementation of information barriers to segregate the data and research accessible by some members of our credit ratings team from those involved in investment management. Similarly, differences in data privacy regimes and governmental surveillance rights applicable in specific countries significantly affect our workforce location strategy and technology infrastructure in relation to cross-border processing of personally identifiable information of customers, employees and other third parties. Such limitations, which seem likely to proliferate as global consensus regarding regulatory principles wanes, may impact our ability to maintain growth across our businesses.

The dynamics of today’s geopolitical discourse may also impact business growth across different markets. It has been our experience that adoption of many ESG focused products has been more rapid in European countries than in other parts of the world, and there is more agreement on ESG taxonomies, methodologies, and acceptable sources of data in that market. Customer opinions about such products, or preferences regarding their methodology or approach, are at times impacted by regional or national political trends which may differ significantly. Preferred terminology and information sources may similarly differ from place to place. In such an environment, Morningstar may struggle to maintain its reputation for methodological transparency and consistency which underpins the value and reputation of our research.

Morningstar’s growth also places increasing demands on our functional resources to scale and optimize globally and to balance global consistency with local flexibility. Our sales and marketing teams are focused on multi-product based strategies to bring the breadth of our offerings and the full value of our intellectual property to our customers. However, such sales efforts can breed customer confusion, implicate regulatory limits on how certain products or services can be sold and by whom in certain jurisdictions, and if coupled with misaligned incentive structures, can create opportunities for misconduct or excessive risk taking. Additional complexity also creates a need for clear responsibilities and ownership across various global teams within Morningstar. A higher velocity of hiring and turnover in the competitive talent acquisition environment also creates challenges for cross-company collaboration. Morningstar is fortunate to have many opportunities for global growth in its strategic plan, however, we cannot be certain that further growth or profitability will be at the same or higher level given the headwinds of deglobalization and political, regulatory, and cultural fragmentation. Accordingly, an inability to maintain growth, or an inability to effectively manage growth, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

'''''The continuing COVID-19 pandemic may have material and adverse impacts on our business, financial condition, and results of operations, the nature and extent of which continue to be uncertain and unpredictable.'''''

The continuing COVID-19 pandemic and the governmental and societal responses to it worldwide have the potential to materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations in ways that continue to be uncertain and unpredictable. The COVID-19 pandemic has created significant public health concerns, as well as significant volatility, uncertainty, and periods of economic disruption in most countries in which we operate. While we have taken numerous steps to respond to this changing environment, there can be no assurance that such steps will be successful or that our business, financial condition, and results of operations will not be materially and adversely affected by the consequences of the pandemic.

Throughout 2021, we saw fluctuations of government-mandated COVID-19-related restrictions on the physical movement and gathering of people in certain geographies, dependent upon the local extent and severity of COVID-19 infections and other factors. Those fluctuations have continued into 2022 as specific variants of the virus and concerns over the adoption and efficacy of mitigants, such as vaccines and other treatments, compel certain governments to again impose travel limitations, lockdowns and curfews, and other business and personal restrictions. Our approach to preventative and protective actions has remained similarly flexible and, based on the guidelines of local authorities and our own safety standards, we have re-opened certain offices and will continue to do so. Many of our customers, vendors, and data suppliers continue to operate under remote working or voluntary attendance arrangements, which may interfere with productivity. While our business continuity plans have permitted remote working arrangements without material interruption, prolonged periods of virtual collaboration may have an impact on innovation, productivity, and culture over time. When health and safety conditions allow, we are encouraging or requiring collaborative teams to begin returning to our offices on a regular schedule and employees have been cleared to resume travel for approved business purposes in jurisdictions permitting such travel. Our management is focused on mitigating the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, which has required and may continue to require a substantial investment of their time and may delay other strategic activities.

In the longer term, the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the world’s economies and financial markets may be significant, with unpredictable effects on the overall demand and pricing environment for our products and services. While 2021 saw growth in many financial markets, the speed and extent to which governments and central banks withdraw fiscal and monetary stimulus, and other national and global political conditions may undermine or reverse such growth. If that turns out to be the case, our asset management businesses could be affected by declines in assets under management and advisement resulting from any prolonged downturn in financial markets and a concomitant decline of broad-based investment activity, while our credit ratings business could suffer from a decline in new issuance activity resulting from a decline in the availability of credit. The financial performance of our customers, including those of our license and subscription businesses, could materially deteriorate, which could result in lower demand, cancellations, price reductions, or delays in implementation for our products and services.

Other macroeconomic trends reflecting consumer and business reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic could also have a lasting impact on our cost profile and long-term profitability. Given the nature of our business, global supply chain disruptions have had little impact on us but could impact the availability of certain IT infrastructure over time. Certain long-term effects of the efforts of monetary authorities and governments to ameliorate the impacts of the pandemic are potentially starting to become evident, including both price and wage inflation as well as increased competition for workers. We have noted these effects in our business related to the mobility of employees between jobs and the wage levels needed to hire or retain employees. While our annual bonus programs are designed to reward exceptional business performance and so a portion of our compensation expense is aligned with overall growth, other components of compensation expense are relatively fixed which may impact profitability. The uncertainty surrounding the duration and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in the countries in which we operate could impede our business planning and coordination. In addition, the availability of credit could become constrained even to financially strong companies.

'''''Our operations outside of the U.S. involve additional challenges that we may not be able to meet.'''''

Our operations outside of the U.S. constitute a significant portion of our consolidated revenue. There are risks inherent in doing business outside the U.S., including challenges in reaching new markets because of established competitors and limited brand recognition; difficulties in staffing, managing, and integrating non-U.S. operations; difficulties in coordinating and sharing information globally; differences in laws and policies from country to country, including in relation to employment terms and conditions; exposure to varying legal standards, including intellectual property protection laws; potential tax exposure related to transfer pricing and other issues; heightened risk of fraud and noncompliance in some jurisdictions; and currency exchange rates and exchange controls.

In addition, new risks have arisen from the assertion by various national governments of greater control over the movements of people and information across national borders. Travel restrictions put in place in various countries in response to the continuing COVID-19 pandemic and administrative delays at government immigration offices could adversely affect our ability to attract and retain talent from other countries. In addition, China’s government has backed various measures that could compromise the privacy and security of our proprietary information or information concerning our customers, including a ban on nonstate sanctioned virtual private networks and requirements that multinational firms acquire and use equipment from Chinese telecom suppliers, while recent court decisions in the EU have raised questions about the ability of multinational companies to process personally identifiable information of EU residents outside of the EU. These risks could hamper our ability to expand around the world, which may hurt our financial performance and ability to grow.

During 2021, we did not engage in currency hedging or have any positions in derivative instruments to hedge our currency risk. Our reported revenue could suffer if certain foreign currencies decline relative to the U.S. dollar, although the impact on operating income may be offset by an opposing currency impact on locally based operating expense. We monitor our financial performance on a global basis and may look to enter into derivatives from time to time to reduce or control risk for known exposures.

=== Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock ===
'''''Our indebtedness could adversely affect our cash flows and financial flexibility. Our variable rate indebtedness could subject us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly.'''''

For an overview of our current outstanding indebtedness, refer to Item 7 — Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations— Liquidity and Capital Resources below. While our business has historically generated strong cash flow and interest rates on corporate indebtedness are at historically low levels, we cannot provide assurance that we will generate and maintain cash flows sufficient to permit us to service our indebtedness. Our ability to make payments on indebtedness and to fund planned capital expenditures depends on our ability to generate and access cash in the future, which, in turn, is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, regulatory and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. If we cannot refinance or otherwise pay our obligations as they mature and fund our liquidity needs, our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity, ability to obtain financing and ability to compete in our industry could be materially adversely affected.

In addition, any borrowings under our current credit facility bear interest at fluctuating interest rates based on the London interbank offered rate (LIBOR) for deposits of U.S. dollars. In May 2021, the FCA (the authority that regulates LIBOR) announced that it intends to stop compelling banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR for the U.S. dollar LIBOR tenors relevant to the company after June 30, 2023. The industry is in a period of transition and both Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) and Short-Term Bank Yield Index (BSBY) have emerged as potential alternatives to USD LIBOR. SOFR is a broad measure of the cost of borrowing overnight collateralized by U.S. Treasury securities. BSBY represents the average cost at which large, global banks access USD unsecured wholesale funding, and has characteristics similar to USD LIBOR. We continue to monitor the relative merits of these options and expect to effect the necessary administrative changes in advance of June 2023. It is not possible to predict the effect of these changes on our borrowing costs over time or the availability to us of credit.

Furthermore, the terms of our debt agreements include restrictive covenants that limit, among other things, our and our subsidiaries’ financial flexibility. If we are unable to comply with the restrictions and covenants in our debt agreements, there could be a default that, in some cases, if continuing, could result in the accelerated payment of our debt obligations or the termination of borrowing commitments on the part of the lenders under our Credit Agreement. Refer to Item 7—Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources for a description of the restrictive covenants in our debt agreements.

'''''Control by a principal shareholder could adversely affect our other shareholders.'''''

As of December 31, 2021, Joe Mansueto, our Executive Chairman and Chairman of the Board, owned approximately 41.6% of our outstanding common stock. As a result, he has the practical ability to control substantially all matters submitted to our shareholders for approval, including the election and removal of directors and any merger, consolidation, or sale of our assets. This concentration of ownership may delay or prevent a change in control, impede a merger, consolidation, takeover, or other business combination involving Morningstar, discourage a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of the company, or result in actions that may be opposed by other shareholders.

'''''Fluctuations in our operating results may negatively affect our stock price.'''''

We believe our business has relatively large fixed costs and low variable costs, which magnify the impact of revenue fluctuations on our operating results. As a result, a decline in our revenue may lead to a larger decline in operating income. In addition, because we manage our business with a long-term perspective, we generally don’t make significant adjustments to our strategy or cost structure in response to short-term factors. For example, if the U.S. economy were to enter a prolonged inflationary period, increased compensation and other expenses could impact our operating results in the short term. Uncertainty regarding inflation could also impact our ability to forecast costs, which inform our longer-term budget and capital allocation decisions. In addition, we do not provide earnings guidance or hold one-on-one meetings with institutional investors and research analysts. Because of this policy and limited analyst coverage on our stock, our stock price may not always reflect the intrinsic value of our business and assets. If our operating results or other operating metrics fail to meet the expectations of outside research analysts and investors, the market price of our common stock may decline.

'''The future sale of shares of our common stock may negatively affect our stock price.'''

If our significant shareholders sell substantial amounts of our common stock, the market price of our common stock could fall. A significant reduction in ownership by Joe Mansueto or any other large shareholder could cause the market price of our common stock to fall. Our directors and officers may adopt written plans, known as Rule 10b5-1 plans, in which they may contract with a broker to sell shares on a periodic basis. In addition, the average daily trading volume in our stock is relatively low. The lack of trading activity in our stock may lead to greater fluctuations in our stock price. Low trading volume may also make it difficult for shareholders to make transactions in a timely fashion.

== Financials ==
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="3" |Year  ended December 31 (in millions except per share amounts)
| colspan="2" |2021
| colspan="2" |2020
| colspan="2" |2019
|-
| colspan="3" |Revenue
|$
|1,699.3 
|$
|1,389.5 
|$
|1,179.0 
|-
| colspan="3" |Operating expense:
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
| colspan="3" |Cost of revenue
| colspan="2" |698.4 
| colspan="2" |556.4 
| colspan="2" |483.1 
|-
| colspan="3" |Sales and marketing
| colspan="2" |274.8 
| colspan="2" |206.4 
| colspan="2" |177.9 
|-
| colspan="3" |General and administrative
| colspan="2" |318.4 
| colspan="2" |272.0 
| colspan="2" |210.7 
|-
| colspan="3" |Depreciation and amortization
| colspan="2" |150.7 
| colspan="2" |139.5 
| colspan="2" |117.7 
|-
| colspan="3" |Total operating expense
| colspan="2" |1,442.3 
| colspan="2" |1,174.3 
| colspan="2" |989.4 
|-
| colspan="3" |Operating income
| colspan="2" |257.0 
| colspan="2" |215.2 
| colspan="2" |189.6 
|-
| colspan="3" |Non-operating income (expense):
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
| colspan="3" |Interest expense, net
| colspan="2" |(8.7)
| colspan="2" |(9.5)
| colspan="2" |(8.7)
|-
| colspan="3" |Realized gains on sale of investments, reclassified  from other comprehensive income
| colspan="2" |5.0 
| colspan="2" |2.1 
| colspan="2" |1.2 
|-
| colspan="3" |Realized gains on sale of equity method investments
| colspan="2" |0.9 
| colspan="2" |30.0 
| colspan="2" |19.5 
|-
| colspan="3" |Holding gain on previously held equity interest
| colspan="2" |— 
| colspan="2" |50.9 
| colspan="2" |— 
|-
| colspan="3" |Other expense, net
| colspan="2" |(3.7)
| colspan="2" |(5.7)
| colspan="2" |(3.1)
|-
| colspan="3" |Non-operating income (expense), net
| colspan="2" |(6.5)
| colspan="2" |67.8 
| colspan="2" |8.9 
|-
| colspan="3" |Income before income taxes and equity  in net income (loss) of unconsolidated entities
| colspan="2" |250.5 
| colspan="2" |283.0 
| colspan="2" |198.5 
|-
| colspan="3" |Equity in net income (loss) of  unconsolidated entities
| colspan="2" |5.4 
| colspan="2" |0.3 
| colspan="2" |(0.9)
|-
| colspan="3" |Income tax expense
| colspan="2" |62.6 
| colspan="2" |59.7 
| colspan="2" |45.6 
|-
| colspan="3" |Consolidated net income
|$
|193.3 
|$
|223.6 
|$
|152.0 
|-
| colspan="3" |Net income per share:
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
| colspan="3" |Basic
|$
|4.50 
|$
|5.22 
|$
|3.56 
|-
| colspan="3" |Diluted
|$
|4.45 
|$
|5.18 
|$
|3.52 
|-
| colspan="3" |Dividends per common share:
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
| colspan="3" |Dividends declared per common share
|$
|1.31 
|$
|1.22 
|$
|1.14 
|-
| colspan="3" |Dividends paid per common share
|$
|1.26 
|$
|1.20 
|$
|1.12 
|-
| colspan="3" |Weighted average shares outstanding:
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
| colspan="3" |Basic
| colspan="2" |43.0 
| colspan="2" |42.9 
| colspan="2" |42.7 
|-
| colspan="3" |Diluted
| colspan="2" |43.4 
| colspan="2" |43.2 
| colspan="2" |43.2 
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="3" |Year  ended December 31 (in millions) 
| colspan="2" |2021
| colspan="2" |2020
| colspan="2" |2019
|-
| colspan="3" |Consolidated net income
|$
|193.3 
|$
|223.6 
|$
|152.0 
|-
| colspan="3" |Other comprehensive income (loss), net  of tax:
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
| colspan="3" |Foreign currency translation adjustment
| colspan="2" |(15.1)
| colspan="2" |37.3 
| colspan="2" |11.5 
|-
| colspan="3" |Unrealized gains on securities:
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
| colspan="3" |Unrealized holding gain on available for sale  investments
| colspan="2" |5.7 
| colspan="2" |2.9 
| colspan="2" |3.8 
|-
| colspan="3" |Reclassification of gains included in net income
| colspan="2" |(3.9)
| colspan="2" |(1.6)
| colspan="2" |(0.9)
|-
| colspan="3" |Other  comprehensive income (loss), net
| colspan="2" |(13.3)
| colspan="2" |38.6 
| colspan="2" |14.4 
|-
| colspan="3" |Comprehensive income
|$
|180.0 
|$
|262.2 
|$
|166.4 
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="3" |As  of December 31 (in millions except share amounts)
| colspan="2" |2021
| colspan="2" |2020
|-
| colspan="3" |Assets
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
| colspan="3" |Current assets:
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
| colspan="3" |Cash and cash equivalents
|$
|483.8 
|$
|422.5 
|-
| colspan="3" |Investments
| colspan="2" |62.3 
| colspan="2" |41.7 
|-
| colspan="3" |Accounts receivable, less allowance for credit  losses of $4.5 million and $4.2 million, respectively
| colspan="2" |268.9 
| colspan="2" |205.1 
|-
| colspan="3" |Income tax receivable
| colspan="2" |8.9 
| colspan="2" |2.2 
|-
| colspan="3" |Deferred commissions
| colspan="2" |31.2 
| colspan="2" |21.1 
|-
| colspan="3" |Prepaid expenses
| colspan="2" |30.6 
| colspan="2" |31.7 
|-
| colspan="3" |Other current assets
| colspan="2" |1.9 
| colspan="2" |5.7 
|-
| colspan="3" |Total current assets
| colspan="2" |887.6 
| colspan="2" |730.0 
|-
| colspan="3" |Goodwill
| colspan="2" |1,207.0 
| colspan="2" |1,205.0 
|-
| colspan="3" |Intangible assets, net
| colspan="2" |328.2 
| colspan="2" |380.1 
|-
| colspan="3" |Property, equipment, and capitalized  software, net
| colspan="2" |171.8 
| colspan="2" |155.1 
|-
| colspan="3" |Operating lease assets
| colspan="2" |149.2 
| colspan="2" |147.7 
|-
| colspan="3" |Investments in unconsolidated entities
| colspan="2" |63.3 
| colspan="2" |32.6 
|-
| colspan="3" |Deferred tax asset, net
| colspan="2" |12.8 
| colspan="2" |12.6 
|-
| colspan="3" |Deferred commissions
| colspan="2" |31.1 
| colspan="2" |18.5 
|-
| colspan="3" |Other assets
| colspan="2" |11.7 
| colspan="2" |14.4 
|-
| colspan="3" |Total assets
|$
|2,862.7 
|$
|2,696.0 
|-
| colspan="3" |Liabilities and equity
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
| colspan="3" |Current liabilities:
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
| colspan="3" |Deferred revenue
|$
|377.4 
|$
|306.8 
|-
| colspan="3" |Accrued compensation
| colspan="2" |273.7 
| colspan="2" |169.2 
|-
| colspan="3" |Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
| colspan="2" |76.5 
| colspan="2" |64.5 
|-
| colspan="3" |Operating lease liabilities
| colspan="2" |36.4 
| colspan="2" |39.9 
|-
| colspan="3" |Contingent consideration liability
| colspan="2" |17.3 
| colspan="2" |35.0 
|-
| colspan="3" |Other current liabilities
| colspan="2" |2.2 
| colspan="2" |11.1 
|-
| colspan="3" |Total current liabilities
| colspan="2" |783.5 
| colspan="2" |626.5 
|-
| colspan="3" |Operating lease liabilities
| colspan="2" |135.7 
| colspan="2" |137.7 
|-
| colspan="3" |Accrued compensation
| colspan="2" |16.3 
| colspan="2" |35.1 
|-
| colspan="3" |Deferred tax liabilities, net
| colspan="2" |101.7 
| colspan="2" |108.9 
|-
| colspan="3" |Long-term debt
| colspan="2" |359.4 
| colspan="2" |449.1 
|-
| colspan="3" |Deferred revenue
| colspan="2" |36.4 
| colspan="2" |33.5 
|-
| colspan="3" |Other long-term liabilities
| colspan="2" |13.8 
| colspan="2" |33.8 
|-
| colspan="3" |Total liabilities
|$
|1,446.8 
|$
|1,424.6 
|-
| colspan="3" |Equity:
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
| colspan="3" |Morningstar, Inc. shareholders’ equity:
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
| colspan="3" |Common stock, no par value, 200,000,000 shares  authorized, of which 43,136,273 and 42,898,158 shares were outstanding as of  December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively
| colspan="2" |— 
| colspan="2" |— 
|-
| colspan="3" |Treasury stock at cost, 11,124,021 and 11,135,446  shares as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 respectively
| colspan="2" |(764.3)
| colspan="2" |(767.3)
|-
| colspan="3" |Additional paid-in capital
| colspan="2" |689.0 
| colspan="2" |671.3 
|-
| colspan="3" |Retained earnings
| colspan="2" |1,526.5 
| colspan="2" |1,389.4 
|-
| colspan="3" |Accumulated other comprehensive loss:
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
| colspan="3" |   Currency translation  adjustment
| colspan="2" |(40.8)
| colspan="2" |(25.7)
|-
| colspan="3" |   Unrealized gain on  available-for-sale investments
| colspan="2" |5.5 
| colspan="2" |3.7 
|-
| colspan="3" |Total accumulated other comprehensive loss
| colspan="2" |(35.3)
| colspan="2" |(22.0)
|-
| colspan="3" |Total equity
| colspan="2" |1,415.9 
| colspan="2" |1,271.4 
|-
| colspan="3" |Total liabilities and equity
|$
|2,862.7 
|$
|2,696.0 
|}

====What are the assumptions used to estimate the financial forecasts?====

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key inputs
!Description
!Value
!Commentary
|-
| colspan="3" |<div style="text-align: center;">'''Revenue'''</div>
|-
|What's the estimated current size of the total addressable market?
|$850 billion
|Here, the total addressable market (TAM) is defined as the global investment research market, and based on a number of assumptions<ref group="Note" name="Note01" />, it is estimated that the size of the market as of today (1st November 2022), in terms of revenue, is $850 billion.
|-
|What is the estimated company lifespan?
|50 years
|Morningstar employs around 10,000, making the company a large organisation (more than 10,000 employees), and research shows that the average lifespan of a large corporation is around 50 years.<ref>Stadler, Enduring Success, 3–5.</ref>
|-
|What's the estimated annual growth rate of the total addressable market over the lifecycle of the company?
|3%
|Research shows that the growth rate of the global investment research market (i.e. the total addressable market) is similar to the growth rate of global gross domestic product<ref>http://www.robertpicard.net/files/econgrowthandadvertising.pdf</ref>, which has averaged (medium) around 3% per year in the last 20 years (2001 to 2022)<ref>https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/WLD/world/gdp-growth-rate</ref>.
|-
|What's the estimated company peak market share?
|10%
|Stockhub estimates that especially given the leadership of the company, the peak market share of Morningstar is around 10%, and, therefore, suggests using the share amount here. As of 31st December 2021, Morningstar's current share of the market is estimated at around 1.8%.
|-
|Which distribution function do you want to use to estimate company revenue?
|Gaussian
|Research suggests that the revenue pattern of companies is similar to the pattern produced by the Gaussian distribution function  (i.e. the revenue distribution is bell shaped)<ref>http://escml.umd.edu/Papers/ObsCPMT.pdf</ref>, so Stockhub suggests using that function here.
|-
|What's the estimated standard deviation of company revenue?
|6 years
|Another way of asking this question is this way: within how many years either side of the mean does 68% of revenue occur? Based on Morningstar's current revenue amount (i.e. $1.7 billion) and Morningstar's estimated lifespan (i.e. 50 years) and Morningstar's estimated current stage of its lifecycle (i.e. mature stage), the Stockhub company suggests using 6 years (i.e. 68% of all sales happen within 6 years either side of the mean year), so that's what's used here.
|-
| colspan="3" |'''<div style="text-align: center;">Growth stages</div>'''
|-
|How many main stages of growth is the company expected to go through?
|4 stages
|Research suggests that a company typically goes through four distinct stages of cash flow growth.<ref>Levie J, Lichtenstein BB (2010) A terminal assessment of stages theory: Introducing a dynamic approach to entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice 34(2): 317–350. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00377.x</nowiki></ref> Research also shows that incorporating those stages into the discounted cash flow model improves the quality of the model and, ultimately, the quality of the value estimation.<ref>Stef Hinfelaar et al.:, 2019.</ref>

In addition, research shows that a key way to determine the stage which a company is in is by examining the cash flow patterns of the company.<ref>Dickinson, 2010.</ref> A summary of the economic links to cash flow patterns can be found in the appendix of this report. Stockhub estimates that with Morningstar's operating cash flows positive (+), investing cash flows negative (-) and its financing cash flows positive (i), the company is in the third stage of growth (i.e. the 'mature' stage), and, therefore, it has a total of two main stages of growth. Note, to account for one-off events, the three-year average (median) amount was used to calculate the cash flows.
|-
|What proportion of the company lifecycle is represented by growth stage 1?
|30%
|Research suggests 30%.<ref name=":6">http://escml.umd.edu/Papers/ObsCPMT.pdf</ref>
|-
|What proportion of the company lifecycle is represented by growth stage 2?
|10%
|Research suggests 10%.<ref name=":6" />
|-
|What proportion of the company lifecycle is represented by growth stage 3?
|20%
|Research suggests 20%.<ref name=":6" />
|-
|What proportion of the company lifecycle is represented by growth stage 4?
|40%
|Research suggests 40%.<ref name=":6" />
|-
| colspan="3" |'''<div style="text-align: center;">Growth stage 3</div>'''
|-
|Cost of goods sold as a proportion of revenue (%)
|41%
|Research suggests that it's best to use a similar margin rate as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 3)<ref name=":7">http://people.stern.nyu.edu/adamodar/pdfiles/papers/younggrowth.pdf</ref>, and the margin for its peers is 41%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
|-
|Operating expenses as a proportion of revenue (%)
|35%
|Research suggests that it's best to use a similar margin rate as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 3)<ref name=":7" />, and the margin for its peers is 35%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
|-
|Tax rate (%)
|25%
|Research suggests that it's best to use a similar rate as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 3)<ref name=":7" />, and the rate for its peers is 25%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
|-
|Depreciation and amortisation as a proportion of revenue (%)
|9%
|Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 3)<ref name=":7" />, and the amount for its peers is 9%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
|-
|Fixed capital as a proportion of revenue (%)
|6%
|Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 3)<ref name=":7" />, and the amount for its peers is 6%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
|-
|Working capital as a proportion of revenue (%)
|10%
|Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 3)<ref name=":7" />, and the amount for its peers is 10%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
|-
|Net borrowing ($000)
|Zero
|Stockhub suggests that for simplicity, the net borrowing figure is zero.
|-
|Interest amount ($000)
|Zero
|Stockhub suggests that for simplicity, the interest amount figure is zero.
|-
| colspan="3" |'''<div style="text-align: center;">Growth stage 4</div>'''
|-
|Cost of goods sold as a proportion of revenue (%)
|99%
|Research suggests that it's best to use a similar margin rate as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 4)<ref name=":7" />, and the margin for its peers is 99%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
|-
|Operating expenses as a proportion of revenue (%)
|15%
|Research suggests that it's best to use a similar margin rate as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 4)<ref name=":7" />, and the margin for its peers is 15%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
|-
|Tax rate (%)
|0%
|Research suggests that it's best to use a similar rate as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 4)<ref name=":7" />, and the rate for its peers is 0%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
|-
|Depreciation and amortisation as a proportion of revenue (%)
|37%
|Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 4)<ref name=":7" />, and the amount for its peers is 37%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
|-
|Fixed capital as a proportion of revenue (%)
|1%
|Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 4)<ref name=":7" />, and the amount for its peers is 1%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
|-
|Working capital as a proportion of revenue (%)
|10%
|Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 4)<ref name=":7" />, and the amount for its peers is 10%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report.
|-
|Net borrowing ($000)
|Zero
|Stockhub suggests that for simplicity, the net borrowing figure is zero.
|-
|Interest amount ($000)
|Zero
|Stockhub suggests that for simplicity, the interest amount figure is zero.
|}

==Valuation==

===What's the expected return of an investment in the company?===

Stockhub estimates that the expected return of an investment in the company over the next five years is xxx. In other words, an £1,000 investment in the company is expected to return £xxx in five years time. The assumptions used to estimate the return figure can be found in the table below.

Assuming that a suitable return level over five years is 10% per year and Morningstar achieves its expected return level (of xxx), then an investment in the company is considered to be an 'xxx' one.

===What are the assumptions used to estimate the return?===

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key inputs
!Description
!Value
!Commentary
|-
|Which valuation model do you want to use?
|Discounted cash flow
|There are two main approaches to estimate the value of an investment: 
#By calculating the present value of the investment's expected future cash flows (i.e. discounted cash flow valuation); and
#By comparing the investment to other similar investments (i.e. relative valuation).

Research suggests that in terms of estimating the expected return of an investment over a period of 12-months or more, the approach that is more accurate is the discounted cash flow approach<ref name=":5">Demirakos et al., 2010; Gleason et al., 2013</ref>, so that's the approach that Stockhub suggests to use here; nevertheless, for completeness purposes, separately, the valuation of the company is also estimated using the using the relative valuation approach (the valuation based on the relative approach can be found in the appendix of this report).  
|-
|Which financial forecasts to use?
|Stockhub
|The only available long-term forecasts (i.e. >15 years) are the ones that are supplied by the Stockhub company (the forecasts can be found in the financials section of this report), so Stockhub suggests using those.
|-
| colspan="3" |'''<div style="text-align: center;">Growth stage 3</div>'''
|-
|Discount rate (%)
|10%
|There are two key risk parameters for a firm that need to be estimated: its cost of equity and its cost of debt. A key way to estimate the cost of equity is by looking at the beta (or betas) of the company in question, the cost of debt from a measure of default risk (an actual or synthetic rating) and apply the market value weights for debt and equity to come up with the cost of capital.
|-
|Probability of success (%)
|100%
|Research suggests that a suitable rate for a company in this growth stage (i.e. stage 3) is 100%.

|-
| colspan="3" |'''<div style="text-align: center;">Growth stage 4</div>'''
|-
|Discount rate (%)
|10%
|There are two key risk parameters for a firm that need to be estimated: its cost of equity and its cost of debt. A key way to estimate the cost of equity is by looking at the beta (or betas) of the company in question, the cost of debt from a measure of default risk (an actual or synthetic rating) and apply the market value weights for debt and equity to come up with the cost of capital.
|-
|Probability of success (%)
|100%
|Research suggests that a suitable rate for a company in this growth stage (i.e. stage 4) is 100%.

|-
| colspan="3" |'''<div style="text-align: center;">Other key inputs</div>'''
|-
|What's the current value of the company?
|$9.9 billion
|As at 1st November 2022, the current value of the Morningstar company is $9.9 billion.
|-
|Which time period do you want to use to estimate the expected return?
|Between now and five years time
|Research suggests that following a market crash, the average amount of time it takes for the price of a stock market to return to its pre-crash level (i.e. the recovery period) is at least three years.<ref>https://www.newyorkfed.org/mediabrary/media/medialibrary/media/research/staff_reports/research_papers/9809.pdf</ref> Accordingly, Stockhub suggests that to account for general market cyclicity, it's best to estimate the expected return of the company between now and five years time.
|}

==Appendix==

=== Economic links to cash flow patterns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Cash flow type!!Introduction!!Growth!!Shake out!!Mature!!Decline
|-
|Operating|| style="background: red; color: white;" |-|| style="background: green; color: white;" |+
| style="background: orange; color: white;" | +/-|| style="background: green; color: white;" |+|| style="background: red; color: white;" |-
|-
|Investing|| style="background: red; color: white;" |-|| style="background: red; color: white;" |-|| style="background: orange; color: white;" |+/-|| style="background: red; color: white;" |-
| style="background: green; color: white;" | +
|-
|Financing|| style="background: green; color: white;" |+|| style="background: green; color: white;" |+|| style="background: orange; color: white;" |+/-|| style="background: red; color: white;" |-|| style="background: orange; color: white;" |+/-
|}<!-- display data as diagram too -->
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Morningstar Annual Revenue
(Millions of US $)
|-
|2021
|$1,699
|-
|2020
|$1,390
|-
|2019
|$1,179
|-
|2018
|$1,020
|-
|2017
|$912
|-
|2016
|$799
|-
|2015
|$789
|-
|2014
|$760
|-
|2013
|$698
|-
|2012
|$658
|-
|2011
|$631
|-
|2010
|$555
|-
|2009
|$479
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Stock Name
!Country
!Market Cap
!PE Ratio
|-
|S&P Global (SPGI)
|United States
|$109.031B
|27.75
|-
|FactSet Research Systems (FDS)
|United States
|$16.389B
|32.10
|-
|TransUnion (TRU)
|United States
|$11.483B
|18.00
|-
|Black Knight Financial Services (BKI)
|United States
|$9.404B
|26.32
|-
|Dun & Bradstreet Holdings (DNB)
|United States
|$5.609B
|12.68
|}

== Notes==

=== Investment risk ===
Research shows that an investment has two main types of risks: 1) non-systematic and 2) systematic. Systematic risk is the risk related to the overall market, and non-systematic risk is the risk that's specific to an individual investment. Evidence shows that taking on non-systematic risk is inefficient, and it's, therefore, best to eliminate it; and in most cases, elimination is fairy easy to do [by holding a diversified portfolio of investments (i.e. around 15 investments)]. Accordingly, when assessing the riskiness of an investment, it’s best to look at the systematic risk only (i.e. ignore the non-systematic risk). A key measure of systematic risk is beta, and a main way to determine the riskiness of an investment is to compare the beta of the investment with the beta of the market, which is 1. For example, Morningstar's beta is 1.12, and is, accordingly, 12% above the market beta (of 1); assuming that a 'low' level of riskiness is between 25% either side of the market beta, then the riskiness of investing in Morningstar is considered to be 'low' (-25%<12%>25%).

=== Risk rating ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Rating !! Beta 
|-
| style="background: green; color: white;" |Low || style="background: green; color: white;" |Equal to or below 0.5 
|-
| style="background: orange; color: white;" |Medium || style="background: orange; color: white;" |Between 0.5 and 1.5 
|-
| style="background: red; color: white;" |High || style="background: red; color: white;" |Equal to or above 1.5 
|}

==References==
<references />
<references group="Note" />
[[Category:Thesis]]
[[Category:Equities]]
[[Category:United States]]

__INDEX__