Investing in investments is one of the best ways to grow your money[1], and Freetrade is a company that's on a mission to get everyone investing.[2]
The main offering of the company is an app that enables people in the United Kingdom to buy and sell from around 6,000 investments without paying any trading commissions.[3] Currently, there doesn't seem to be an obvious material uniqueness of the offering relative to peers, such as Trading 212.[4]
Assuming that Freetrade increases its share of the global brokerage market by 1000x to 1% (from less than 0.0010%[5]) and other assumptions, the expected return of an investment in the company over the next five years is ccc%, which equates to an annual return of ccc%. In other words, an £100,000 investment in the company is expected to return £ccc in five years time.
The degree of risk associated with an investment in Freetrade is ' extremely high', with the shares having an adjusted beta that is 52x above the market (52 vs. 1).[6]
Type | Private company |
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Industry |
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Founded | September 25, 2015 | in London, United Kingdom.
Founders |
|
Headquarters | 10 Devonshire Square, London , United Kingdom |
Revenue | £12.68 million (2021) |
£(18.23) million (2021) | |
£(17.11) million (2021) | |
Total assets | £29.33 million (2021) |
Total equity | £29.33 million (2021) |
Number of employees | 201 (2021) |
Website | https://freetrade.io/ |
Operations
How did the idea of the company come about?
The idea for Freetrade Limited came about when the company's founder and CEO, Adam Dodds, relocated from Canada to the UK. He had been an investor since his teenage years and was working as a Manager at KPMG. Upon arriving in the UK, Dodds was surprised by the quality of investment platforms available, particularly in terms of their cost and usability. This experience appears to have been instrumental in his decision to create Freetrade, which aimed to offer a superior investment platform in these respects. [2]
What's the mission of the company?
The mission of the company is to get everyone investing.
What are the main offerings of the company?
The main offering of the company is an app that enables users to buy and sell investments without paying any trading commissions.
What is the price of the offerings?
The price of the offerings are as follows:
- £0 per month for the 'Basic' package.
- £5.99 per month for the 'Standard' plan; and
- £11.99 per month for the 'Plus' plan.
Basic | Standard | Plus | |
---|---|---|---|
Pricing | £0.00/month | £5.99/month | £11.99/month |
Accounts | |||
General investment account (GIA) | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Stocks and shares ISA | No | Yes | Yes |
Self-invested personal pension (SIPP) | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Benefits | |||
Commission-free trades | Yes | Yes | Yes |
US fractional shares | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Range of stocks | 1,500 | 6,000 | 6,000 |
Automated order types | No | Yes | Yes |
1% interest on a maximum £2k uninvested cash | No | Yes | No |
3% interest on a maximum £4k uninvested cash | No | No | Yes |
Customer service | Basic | Basic | Priority |
Advanced stock fundamentals | No | Yes | Yes |
Freetrade Web beta | No | No | Yes |
FX fee | 0.99% | 0.59% | 0.39% |
Offering feature | Price (£/month) |
---|---|
General investment account (GIA) | Free |
Stocks and shares ISA | £5.99 |
Self-invested personal pension (SIPP) | Free |
Commission-free trades | Free |
US fractional shares | Free |
1,500 stocks | £5.99 |
6,000 stocks | £11.99 |
Automated order types | £5.99 |
1% interest on a maximum £2k uninvested cash | £5.99 |
3% interest on a maximum £4k uninvested cash | £11.99 |
Priority customer service | £11.99 |
Advanced stock fundamentals | £5.99 |
Freetrade Web beta | £11.99 |
0.99% fX fee | Free |
0.59% fX fee | £5.99 |
0.39% fX fee | £11.99 |
From which place(s) are the offerings able to be purchased?
The main places that the offerings are able to be purchased is in the United Kingdom and Sweden through the company's app, which can be downloaded from the Apple App Store and Google Play Store.
From which place(s) are the offerings promoted?
The main way that Freetrade promotes the offerings is through word of mouth, via its referral scheme.
What's the current strategy of the company?
The company's main strategy is to make its offerings available in other geographical regions, such as Sweden and the rest of the EU. At the same time, Freetrade plans to release new features, thereby improving the user experience of the offerings.
Team
The company is led by the person who believes in the mission of the company the most: the creator of the company mission (i.e. Adam Dodds). Combined, the members of the management team brings together talent from tech titans, financial service giants, and top-tier consulting firms.
Adam Dodds, Founder & CEO
The instigator of this whole Freetrade thing. ACA and CFA qualified. Ex-KPMG, experience auditing global banks and brokerages; advising on financial services, fintech M&A.
Viktor Nebehaj, CMO & Co-founder
Drives the company's customer growth across the whole marketing stack. Used to scale Google's core search business in Europe. Grew start-ups across EU & Asia.
Paul Brooking, CFO
Paul is a former deputy CFO at Revolut, ex Paysafe, almost 20 years at IG and PwC.
Dan Tedman, VP Risk & Compliance
Joined the regulator in 2010. 5+ years working at the FSA and Bank of England then moved to Alvarez and Marsal as a regulatory consultant.
Amy Gilman, Associate Director of People
Amy is a former Director of Learning and Development at La Fosse Associates. Amy is in charge of all things people and culture at Freetrade.
Timothy Drew, Director of Engineering, Australia
Tim is the original architect of the company's proprietary brokerage system, the Freetrade Cloud Platform. He's now based in Australia at the company's Brisbane engineering office.
Market
The company is expected to make most of its money via brokerage-related services, such as foreign exchange transactions.
Total Addressable Market
Here, the total addressable market (TAM) is defined as the global brokerage market, and based on a number of assumptions, it is estimated that the size of the market as of today (6th May 2023), in terms of revenue, is $1.3 trillion.[7]
Serviceable Available Market
Here, the serviceable available market (SAM) is defined as the global equity brokerage market, and based on a number of assumptions, it is estimated that the size of the market as of today (6th May 2023), in terms of revenue, is $334 billion.
Serviceable Obtainable Market
Here, the serviceable obtainable market (SOM) is defined as the UK equity brokerage market, and based on a number of assumptions, it is estimated that the size of the market as of today (6th May 2023), in terms of revenue, is $33 billion.
Competition
A key way to determine a product's closest competitors is by looking at other offerings that are targeting the same or similar target audience (i.e. Active Investors) and aiming to provide the same core benefit (i.e. more money), and then ranking the offerings in terms of the total amount of time spent using and/or money spent purchasing the offerings relative to other similar offerings. With that said, according to Stockhub users, the closest competitor of the Freetrade offering is Trading 212.
Freetrade and Trading 212 are similar in that they both offer commission free trading. Trading 212 is better than Freetrade in terms of the number of investments offered (12,000 vs. 6,000), FX fees (0.15% vs. 0.39%) and platform usage fee [Zero vs. £5.99 per month to access the 6,000 investments (note, to access 1,500 investments only, there is no fee)]. Currently, there doesn't seem to be an obvious material uniqueness of the Freetrade platform. A detailed comparison between Freetrade and some of its main competitors are shown in the table below.
Freetrade Basic | Freetrade Standard | Freetrade Plus | Trading 212 | Hargreaves Lansdown | Robinhood | Kroo Bank | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Commission free trades | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Platform fee | Free | £5.99/month | £11.99/month | Free | |||
Number of investments offered | 1,500 | 6,000[8] | 6,000[8] | 12,000[9][10] | Zero | ||
FX fees | 0.99% | 0.59% | 0.39% | 0.15%[11] | |||
Custody fee | Free | Free | Free | Free[11] | |||
Account closure fee | Free | Free | Free | Free[11] | |||
Statements fee | Free | Free | Free | Free[11] | |||
GBP interest rate | 0% | 1%[12] | 3%[13] | 1.65%[11] | 3.60%[14] | ||
EUR interest rate | 0% | 0% | 0% | 1.25%[11] | |||
USD interest rate | 0% | 0% | 0% | 1.9%[11] | |||
General investment account (GIA) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
Stocks and shares ISA | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
Self-invested personal pension (SIPP) | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | ||
CFDs | No | No | No | Yes | No | ||
Google review[15] | 3.4 out of 5 (225 reviews) | 3.4 out of 5 (225 reviews) | 3.4 out of 5 (225 reviews) | 3.1 out of 5 (384 reviews) | 3.7 out of 5 (228 reviews) |
Financials
The company was incorporated on 28th September 2015. [16]
Revenue
Revenue is related to services provided to customers in the UK and is stated net of value added tax or other sales tax. It is recognised in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income on the following basis:
Transaction revenue
The group does not charge a commission on stockbroking transactions entered into on behalf of customers but does provide a foreign exchange service to enable customers to purchase instruments listed on exchanges in the United States and Europe. Revenue consisting of a predetermined flat fee is recognised on the execution date of the transaction. This is the date on which services are provided to customers and the group becomes entitled to the revenue. There is no variable consideration in relation to transactional revenue.
Transaction revenue for the financial year ended 30th September 2021 was £9,408,000 (2020: £1,323,000), which represented 74% (2020: 80%) of total revenue.
Recurring revenue
Revenue consisting of account subscription fees, are charged monthly in advance. All obligations to the customer are satisfied across the period in which the service is provided. Recognition of recurring revenue is on an accruals basis over the period in which the service is provided. The consideration due is based on a fixed fee and there is no variable income in which judgement or estimation is involved.
Recurring revenue for the financial year ended 30th September 2021 was £3,274,000 (2020: £338,000), which represented 26% (2020: 20%) of total revenue.
Other
A key thing to note is that Freetrade has been given a way free shares. Essentially, Freetrade paid people to use its offering, with the aim of using the offering regularly.
Year | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year end date | 30/09/2016 | 30/09/2017 | 30/09/2018 | 30/09/2019 | 30/09/2020 | 30/09/2021 | 30/09/2022 | 30/09/2023 | 30/09/2024 | 30/09/2025 | 30/09/2026 | 30/09/2027 | 30/09/2028 | 30/09/2029 | 30/09/2030 | 30/09/2031 | 30/09/2032 | 30/09/2033 | 30/09/2034 | 30/09/2035 | 30/09/2036 | 30/09/2037 | 30/09/2038 | 30/09/2039 | 30/09/2040 | 30/09/2041 | 30/09/2042 | 30/09/2043 | 30/09/2044 | 30/09/2045 | 30/09/2046 | 30/09/2047 | 30/09/2048 | 30/09/2049 | 30/09/2050 | 30/09/2051 | 30/09/2052 | 30/09/2053 | 30/09/2054 | 30/09/2055 | 30/09/2056 | 30/09/2057 | 30/09/2058 | 30/09/2059 | 30/09/2060 | 30/09/2061 | 30/09/2062 | 30/09/2063 | 30/09/2064 | 30/09/2065 |
Historic | Historic | Historic | Historic | Historic | Historic | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | Forecast | |
Profit and loss | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Revenue (£'000) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 86 | 1,660 | 12,682 | 15,700 | 36,877 | 73,489 | 140,709 | 258,852 | 457,517 | 776,948 | 1,267,665 | 1,987,217 | 2,993,053 | 4,331,235 | 6,021,953 | 8,044,353 | 10,324,598 | 12,731,612 | 15,084,185 | 17,170,720 | 18,779,473 | 19,733,609 | 19,923,143 | 19,325,797 | 18,011,305 | 16,128,025 | 13,875,396 | 11,469,324 | 9,108,744 | 6,950,361 | 5,095,473 | 3,589,135 | 2,428,977 | 1,579,374 | 986,677 | 592,234 | 341,539 | 189,241 | 100,744 | 51,529 | 25,323 | 11,956 | 5,424 | 2,364 | 990 | 398 | 154 |
Cost of sales | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A | (440) | (1,639) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gross profit | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A | 1,220 | 11,043 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other operating expenses | N/A | (525) | (1,301) | (3,970) | (10,737) | (29,274) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating loss | N/A | (525) | (1,301) | (3,884) | (9,517) | (18,231) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finance costs | 0 | (16) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Loss before tax (£'000) | N/A | (525) | (1,165) | (3,470) | (9,517) | (18,247) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tax on loss on ordinary activities | N/A | 21 | 164 | 414 | 557 | 1,136 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Loss for the year | N/A | (504) | (1,165) | (3,470) | (8,960) | (17,111) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income | N/A | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total comprehensive expense for the year | N/A | (504) | (1,165) | (3,470) | (8,960) | (17,111) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance sheet | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Assets | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-current assets | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Property, plant and equipment | 3 | 9 | 39 | 76 | 94 | 5,588 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Intangible assets | 0 | 3 | 93 | 828 | 1,905 | 2,354 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Trade and other receievables | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 731 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total non-current assets | 3 | 25 | 132 | 904 | 1,999 | 8,673 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Current assets | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Trade and other receiveables | 4 | 2 | 186 | 847 | 2,761 | 7,859 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Corporation tax receivables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 557 | 1,021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 112 | 727 | 2,684 | 3,355 | 6,730 | 22,672 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total current assets | 116 | 729 | 2,870 | 4,202 | 10,048 | 31,552 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liabilitites | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Current liabilities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Trade and other payables | 18 | 84 | 208 | 297 | 1,461 | 5,381 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lease liabilities | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2,127 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total current liabilities | 18 | 84 | 208 | 297 | 1,461 | 7,508 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net current assets | 98 | 645 | 2,662 | 3,905 | 8,587 | 24,044 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-current liabilities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lease liabilities | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3,388 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total non-current liabilities | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3,388 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net assets | 101 | 670 | 2,794 | 4,809 | 10,586 | 29,329 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Equity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Share capital | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Share premium | 252 | 1,324 | 4,610 | 10,086 | 22,801 | 57,837 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other reserves | 0 | 0 | 3 | 12 | 2,034 | 2,852 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Retained earnings | (151) | (654) | (1,819) | (5,289) | (14,249) | (31,360) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total equity | 101 | 670 | 2,794 | 4,809 | 10,586 | 29,329 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash flow statement | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating activities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Loss before tax | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | (9,517) | (18,247) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Adjustments for: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 84 | 331 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortisation of intangible assets | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 592 | 1,143 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Share-based payment expenses | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2,022 | 818 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finance costs | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0 | 16 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating cash flows before movements in working capital | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | (6,819) | (15,939) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Increase in trade and other receivables | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | (2,325) | (5,829) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Increase in trade and other payables | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1,164 | 3,920 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash used in operations | N/A | (455) | (1,257) | (3,909) | (7,980) | (17,848) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Income taxes received | N/A | 21 | 72 | 95 | 411 | 672 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net cash flows from operating activities | N/A | (434) | (1,185) | (3,814) | (7,569) | (17,176) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investing activities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchase of property, plant and equipment | N/A | (8) | (43) | (93) | (102) | (326) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchase and development of intangible assets | N/A | (3) | (90) | (898) | (1,669) | (1,592) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net cash flows from investing activities | N/A | (11) | (133) | (991) | (1,771) | (1,918) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Financing activities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Proceeds on issues of shares | N/A | 1,072 | 3,286 | 5,476 | 12,715 | 35,036 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment in subsidiary | N/A | (12) | (11) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net cash flows from financing activities | N/A | 1,060 | 3,275 | 5,476 | 12,715 | 35,036 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | N/A | 615 | 1,957 | 671 | 3,375 | 15,942 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year | N/A | 112 | 727 | 2,684 | 3,355 | 6,730 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year | N/A | 727 | 2,684 | 3,355 | 6,730 | 22,672 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Number of registered users | 248,848 | 886,743 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Assets under management[17] (£'million) | 249.1 | 897.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Trading volumes[18] (£'billion) | 0.8 | 3.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Employees (excluding directors) | 80[19] | 201[19] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ratios | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gross margin (%) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 73.49% | 87.08% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating margin (%) | N/A | N/A | N/A | (4516.28)% | (573.31)% | (143.75)% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tax rate (%) | N/A | (4.00)% | (14.08)% | (11.93)% | (5.85)% | (6.23)% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortisation as a proportion of fixed capital (%) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 38.17% | 76.85% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed capital as a proportion of revenue (%) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1152.33% | 106.69% | 15.12% |
According to Crunchbase, Freetrade has raised a total of $135.5 million since the company's inception across 13 funding rounds.[20]
What are the assumptions used to estimate the financial forecasts?
Description | Value | Commentary |
---|---|---|
Revenue
| ||
What's the estimated current size of the total addressable market? | $1,300,000,000 | Here, the total addressable market (TAM) is defined as the global brokerage market, and based on a number of assumptions[Note 1], it is estimated that the size of the market as of today (6th May 2023), in terms of revenue, is $1.3 trillion. |
What is the estimated company lifespan? | 50 years | Currently, Freetrade employs around 201, making the company a small organisation (less than 10,000 employees). That said, given the company's mission, we expect the company to grow to a large organisation, and research shows that the average lifespan of a large corporation is around 50 years.[21] |
What's the estimated annual growth rate of the total addressable market over the lifecycle of the company? | 3% | Research shows that the growth rate of the global automotive market (i.e. the total addressable market) is similar to the growth rate of global gross domestic product[22], which has averaged (medium) around 3% per year in the last 20 years (2001 to 2022)[23]. |
What's the estimated company peak market share? | 10% | The Stockhub users estimate that especially given the leadership of the company, the peak market share of Freetrade is around 10%, and, therefore, suggests using the share amount here. As of 31st December 2021, Freetrade's current share of the market is estimated at around 1.8%. |
Which distribution function do you want to use to estimate company revenue? | Gaussian | Research suggests that the revenue pattern of companies is similar to the pattern produced by the Gaussian distribution function (i.e. the revenue distribution is bell shaped)[24], so the Stockhub users suggest using that function here. |
What's the estimated standard deviation of company revenue? | 6 years | Another way of asking this question is this way: within how many years either side of the mean does 68% of revenue occur? Based on Freetrade's current revenue amount (i.e. £12.68 million) and Freetrade's estimated lifespan (i.e. 50 years) and Freetrade's estimated current stage of its lifecycle (i.e. introduction stage), the Stockhub users suggest using 6 years (i.e. 68% of all sales happen within 6 years either side of the mean year), so that's what's used here. |
Growth stages
| ||
How many main stages of growth is the company expected to go through? | 4 stages | Research suggests that a company typically goes through four distinct stages of cash flow growth.[25] Research also shows that incorporating those stages into the discounted cash flow model improves the quality of the model and, ultimately, the quality of the value estimation.[26]
In addition, research shows that a key way to determine the stage which a company is in is by examining the cash flow patterns of the company.[27] A summary of the economic links to cash flow patterns can be found in the appendix of this report. The Stockhub users estimate that with Freetrade's operating cash flows negative (-), investing cash flows negative (-) and its financing cash flows positive (+), the company is in the first stage of growth (i.e. the 'introduction' stage), and, therefore, it has a total of four main stages of growth. Note, to account for one-off events, the three-year average (median) amount was used to calculate the cash flows. |
What proportion of the company lifecycle is represented by growth stage 1? | 30% | Research suggests 30%.[28] |
What proportion of the company lifecycle is represented by growth stage 2? | 10% | Research suggests 10%.[28] |
What proportion of the company lifecycle is represented by growth stage 3? | 20% | Research suggests 20%.[28] |
What proportion of the company lifecycle is represented by growth stage 4? | 40% | Research suggests 40%.[28] |
Growth stage 1
| ||
Cost of goods sold as a proportion of revenue (%) | 79% | Research suggests that it's best to use a similar margin rate as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 1)[29], and the margin for its peers is 79%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report. |
Operating expenses as a proportion of revenue (%) | 15% | Research suggests that it's best to use a similar margin rate as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 1)[29], and the margin for its peers is 15%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report. |
Tax rate (%) | 11% | Research suggests that it's best to use a similar rate as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 1)[29], and the rate for its peers is 11%. |
Depreciation and amortisation as a proportion of fixed capital (%) | 7% | Research suggests that it's best to use a similar margin rate as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 1)[29], and the margin for its peers is 7%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report. |
Fixed capital as a proportion of revenue (%) | 10% | Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 1)[29], and the amount for its peers is 10%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report. |
Working capital as a proportion of revenue (%) | 15% | Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 1)[29], and the amount for its peers is 15%. |
Net borrowing ($000) | Zero | Stockhub suggests that for simplicity, the net borrowing figure is zero. |
Interest amount ($000) | Zero | Stockhub suggests that for simplicity, the interest amount figure is zero. |
Growth stage 2
| ||
Cost of goods sold as a proportion of revenue (%) | 79% | Research suggests that it's best to use a similar margin rate as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 2)[29], and the margin for its peers is 79%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report. |
Operating expenses as a proportion of revenue (%) | 15% | Research suggests that it's best to use a similar margin rate as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 2)[29], and the margin for its peers is 15%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report. |
Tax rate (%) | 11% | Research suggests that it's best to use a similar rate as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 2)[29], and the rate for its peers is 11%. |
Depreciation and amortisation as a proportion of fixed capital (%) | 7% | Research suggests that it's best to use a similar margin rate as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 2)[29], and the margin for its peers is 7%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report. |
Fixed capital as a proportion of revenue (%) | 10% | Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 2)[29], and the amount for its peers is 10%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report. |
Working capital as a proportion of revenue (%) | 15% | Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 2)[29], and the amount for its peers is 15%. |
Net borrowing ($000) | Zero | Stockhub suggests that for simplicity, the net borrowing figure is zero. |
Interest amount ($000) | Zero | Stockhub suggests that for simplicity, the interest amount figure is zero. |
Growth stage 3
| ||
Cost of goods sold as a proportion of revenue (%) | 62% | Research suggests that it's best to use a similar margin rate as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 3)[29], and the margin for its peers is 62%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report. |
Operating expenses as a proportion of revenue (%) | 13% | Research suggests that it's best to use a similar margin rate as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 3)[29], and the margin for its peers is 13%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report. |
Tax rate (%) | 14% | Research suggests that it's best to use a similar rate as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 3)[29], and the rate for its peers is 14%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report. |
Depreciation and amortisation as a proportion of fixed capital (%) | 4% | Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 3)[29], and the amount for its peers is 4%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report. |
Fixed capital as a proportion of revenue (%) | 3% | Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 3)[29], and the amount for its peers is 3%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report. |
Working capital as a proportion of revenue (%) | 10% | Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 4)[29], and the amount for its peers is 10%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report. |
Net borrowing ($000) | Zero | The Stockhub users suggest that for simplicity, the net borrowing figure is zero. |
Interest amount ($000) | Zero | The Stockhub users suggest that for simplicity, the interest amount figure is zero. |
Growth stage 4
| ||
Cost of goods sold as a proportion of revenue (%) | 99% | Research suggests that it's best to use a similar margin rate as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 4)[29], and the margin for its peers is 99%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report. |
Operating expenses as a proportion of revenue (%) | 15% | Research suggests that it's best to use a similar margin rate as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 4)[29], and the margin for its peers is 15%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report. |
Tax rate (%) | 0% | Research suggests that it's best to use a similar rate as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 4)[29], and the rate for its peers is 0%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report. |
Depreciation and amortisation as a proportion of fixed capital (%) | 37% | Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 4)[29], and the amount for its peers is 37%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report. |
Fixed capital as a proportion of revenue (%) | 1% | Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 4)[29], and the amount for its peers is 1%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report. |
Working capital as a proportion of revenue (%) | 10% | Research suggests that it's best to use a similar amount as the one used by peers that are in the same growth stage (i.e. growth stage 4)[29], and the amount for its peers is 10%. Information on the peers and the calculation of the figure used here can be found in the appendix of this report. |
Net borrowing ($000) | Zero | The Stockhub users suggest that for simplicity, the net borrowing figure is zero. |
Interest amount ($000) | Zero | The Stockhub users suggest that for simplicity, the interest amount figure is zero. |
Risks
As with any investment, investing in Freetrade carries a level of risk. Overall, based on the Freetrade's adjusted beta (i.e. 52)[30], the degree of risk associated with an investment in Freetrade is 'extremely high'.
Here, to estimate the adjusted beta, we used the iShares MSCI World ETF to represent the market portfolio; and in terms of the time period and frequency of observations, we used five years of monthly data (i.e. 60 observations in total), which is supported by a study and is the most common choice. We note that the amount of available data observations for Freetrade is less than what's typically used in the five years of monthly data beta calculation (i.e. 3 observations vs. 60 observations), and accordingly, calculating the beta of such a company has been considered by many to be abnormal; however, for the benefit of simplifying investment comparisons and decision making, we believe that a single standardised risk measure is useful, and that the most appropriate measure is beta.
The beta value in a future period has been found to be on average closer to the mean value of 1.0, and because valuation is forward-looking, it is logical to adjust the raw beta so it more accurately predicts a future beta. In addition, here, we have assumed that for an investment to be considered 'extremely high' risk, it must have a beta value of 3 or more. Further information about the beta ratings can be found in the appendix section of this report.
Early-stage investment
Freetrade is at one of the earliest stages of the business lifecycle, and the failure rate of companies at that stage is usually much higher than those at a later stage. As of 2022, 57% of companies that are incorporated in the United Kingdom fail within the first five years of the companies incorporation, according to the Office for National Statistics.[31]
Illiquid investment
The number of transactions in shares of private companies is usually significantly lower than in public companies, typically resulting in it taking longer to sell shares in private companies at a price that is at least equal to the price that the shares were bought at. Accordingly, the Freetrade investment opportunity is considered to be higher risk than more liquid companies (such as Hargreaves Lansdown).
Regulatory
Freetrade operates in an industry with extensive and comprehensive regulation. The risk that the company fails to comply with the existing standards of the regulatory system has the potential impact for financial penalties, regulatory censure and negative publicity. There is also a risk that the regulatory environment evolves in a manner that has a negative impact on its business and operations, whether through reduced revenue, higher costs or increases in capital and liquidity requirements.
Business
Freetrade operates in a competitive environment and runs the risk that revenue and customer growth do not meet expectations or slow down. Freetrade’s customer activity is sensitive to market conditions and volatility.
Operational
High volume or levels of activity through the trading platform can place stress on Freetrade’s systems, people and processes, which could result in service outages or in Freetrade being unable to deliver the level of service that its customers expect. Poor customer service and outcomes could result in a loss of customers and reputational damage.
Conduct
Freetrade runs the risk that its culture, values and actions fail to adequately support customer focused conduct and thereby lead to potentially poor customer outcomes or not treating customers fairly. Equally, Freetrade interacts with financial markets and poorly controlled activities could threaten the sound, stable, resilient and transparent operation of the financial markets. These risks could result in regulatory censure, as well as a reputational impact, a loss of customers and increased difficulty in attracting new customers.
Information security
Freetrade or its trusted third party service providers could suffer a data breach as a result of a cyber attack, just as any other financial services company. Such a breach could result in financial penalties or censure from both data protection and financial regulators. As well as reputational damage impacting Freetrade's ability to attract and retain customers.
Third party
Freetrade contracts with third-party providers to provide services to customers and to support back-end processes. The risk of a loss of service from a third-party provider which could result in a delay or inability to process customer transactions or perform regulatory reconciliations and could result in customer dissatisfaction and financial loss to Freetrade through a reduction in transactions through the trading platform or regulatory penalties.
Valuation
What's the expected return of an investment in the company?
The Stockhub users estimate that the expected return of an investment in the company over the next five years is ccc%, which equates to an annual return of ccc%. In other words, an £1,000 investment in the company is expected to return £ccc in five years time. The assumptions used to estimate the return figure can be found in the table below.
Assuming that a suitable return level over five years is 10% per year and Freetrade achieves its expected return level (of negative 24%), then an investment in the company is considered to be an 'ccc' one.
What are the assumptions used to estimate the return?
Description | Value | Commentary |
---|---|---|
Which valuation model do you want to use? | Discounted cash flow | Research suggests that in terms of estimating the expected return of an investment over a period of 12-months or more, the approach that is more accurate is the discounted cash flow approach[32], so that's the approach that he Stockhub users suggest to use here; nevertheless, for completeness purposes, separately, the valuation of the company is also estimated using the using the relative valuation approach (the valuation based on the relative approach can be found in the appendix of this report).
Freetrade has never paid cash dividends, and on 7th February 2022, it said that it currently does not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Accordingly, the Stockhub users suggest using the free cash flow valuation method (rather than the dividend discount model). |
Which financial forecasts to use? | Stockhub | The only available long-term forecasts (i.e. >15 years) are the ones that are supplied by the Stockhub users (the forecasts can be found in the financials section of this report), so the Stockhub users suggest using those. |
Growth stage 1
| ||
Discount rate (%) | 15% | There are two key risk parameters for a firm that need to be estimated: its cost of equity and its cost of debt. A key way to estimate the cost of equity is by looking at the beta (or betas) of the company in question, the cost of debt from a measure of default risk (an actual or synthetic rating) and apply the market value weights for debt and equity to come up with the cost of capital. |
Probability of success (%) | 90% | Research suggests that a suitable rate for a company in this growth stage (i.e. stage 1) is 90%. |
Growth stage 2
| ||
Discount rate (%) | 15% | There are two key risk parameters for a firm that need to be estimated: its cost of equity and its cost of debt. A key way to estimate the cost of equity is by looking at the beta (or betas) of the company in question, the cost of debt from a measure of default risk (an actual or synthetic rating) and apply the market value weights for debt and equity to come up with the cost of capital. |
Probability of success (%) | 90% | Research suggests that a suitable rate for a company in this growth stage (i.e. stage 2) is 90%. |
Growth stage 3
| ||
Discount rate (%) | 10% | There are two key risk parameters for a firm that need to be estimated: its cost of equity and its cost of debt. A key way to estimate the cost of equity is by looking at the beta (or betas) of the company in question, the cost of debt from a measure of default risk (an actual or synthetic rating) and apply the market value weights for debt and equity to come up with the cost of capital. |
Probability of success (%) | 100% | Research suggests that a suitable rate for a company in this growth stage (i.e. stage 3) is 100%. |
Growth stage 4
| ||
Discount rate (%) | 10% | There are two key risk parameters for a firm that need to be estimated: its cost of equity and its cost of debt. A key way to estimate the cost of equity is by looking at the beta (or betas) of the company in question, the cost of debt from a measure of default risk (an actual or synthetic rating) and apply the market value weights for debt and equity to come up with the cost of capital. |
Probability of success (%) | 100% | Research suggests that a suitable rate for a company in this growth stage (i.e. stage 4) is 100%. |
Other key inputs
| ||
What's the current value of the company? | £658 million | As at 24th November 2021, the current value of its company at £658 million. |
Which time period do you want to use to estimate the expected return? | Between now and five years time | Research suggests that following a market crash, the average amount of time it takes for the price of a stock market to return to its pre-crash level (i.e. the recovery period) is at least three years.[33] Accordingly, Stockhub suggests that to account for general market cyclicity, it's best to estimate the expected return of the company between now and five years time. |
Sensitive analysis
The main inputs that result in the greatest change in the expected return of the Freetrade investment are, in order of importance (from highest to lowest):
- The size of the total addressable market (the default size is $1.3 trillion);
- Freetrade peak market share (the default share is 1%); and
- The discount rate (the default time-weighted average rate is 10%).
The impact of a 50% change in those main inputs to the expected return of the Freetrade investment is shown in the table below.
Main input | 50% worse | Unchanged | 50% better |
---|---|---|---|
The size of the total addressable market | ccc | ccc | ccc |
Freetrade peak market share | ccc | ccc | ccc |
The discount rate | ccc | ccc | ccc |
Appendix
Relative valuation approach
As noted earlier in this report, research suggests that in terms of estimating the expected return of an investment over a period of 12-months or more, the approach that is more accurate is the discounted cash flow approach, so that's the approach that Stockhub suggests using to determine the estimated value of the company (the valuation based on the discounted cash flow approach can be found in the valuation section of this report); nevertheless, for completeness purposes, separately, the valuation of the company is also estimated using the relative valuation approach.
What's the expected return of an investment in Freetrade using the relative valuation approach?
Stockhub estimates that the expected return of an investment in Freetrade over the next five years is 948%, which equates to an annual return of 60%. In other words, an £1,000 investment in the company is expected to return £10,480 in five years time. The assumptions used to estimate the return figure can be found in the table below.
Assuming that a suitable return level over the next five years is 20% per year and Freetrade achieves its expected return level (of 60% per year), then an investment in the company is considered to be a 'suitable' one.
What are the assumptions used to estimate the return figure?
Description | Value | Commentary |
---|---|---|
Which type of multiple do you want to use? | Growth-adjusted EV/sales | For the numerator, the Stockhub users believe that to account for the different financial leverage levels of its peers, it's best to use enterprise value (EV), rather than price. For the denominator, the Stockhub users believe that because it expects Freetrade to reinvest almost all of its revenue back into the business over the five year forecast period and therefore its earnings are expected to be abnormally low over the period, it's best to use sales. Accordingly, the Stockhub users suggest valuing its company using the EV/sales ratio. However, the Stockhub users think that to take into account the different business lifecycle stages of its peers, the most suitable valuation multiple to use is the growth-adjusted EV/sales multiple, rather than the EV/sales multiple. |
In regards to the growth-adjusted EV/sales multiple, for the sales figure, which year to you want to use? | Year 5 | Stockhub suggests that with sales forecast to grow exponential over the five year forecast period, it's best to use forward-looking data, rather than historic data.
In regards to the growth-adjusted EV/sales multiple, for the sales figure, Stockhub suggests that in order to account for the forecasted exponential growth of the business, it's best to use one at the end of the forecast period (i.e. Year 5). |
In regards to the growth-adjusted EV/sales multiple, for the sales growth figure, which year(s) do you want to use? | Year 6, from now | Stockhub suggests that for the sales growth figure, it's best to use Year 6. |
In regards to the growth-adjusted EV/sales multiple, what multiple figure do you want to use? | 0.22x | In Stockhub's view, Freetrade closest peers are AJ Bell, Hargreaves Lansdown, Robinhood Markets, Inc and Avanza Bank Holding AB. |
Which financial forecasts to use? | Stockhub | The only available forecasts are the ones that are supplied by the Stockhub company (the forecasts can be found in the financials section of this report), so Stockhub suggests using those. |
What's the current value of the Stockhub company? | £658 million | As at 24th November 2021, the current value of its company at £658 million. |
Which time period do you want to use to estimate the expected return? | Between now and five years time | Stockhub suggests that to account for general market cyclicity, it's best to estimate the expected return of the company between now and five years time. |
Freetrade peer(s)
Freetrade | Trading 212 | Robinhood | Hargreaves Lansdown | AJ Bell | Avanza Bank Holding AB | The Charles Schwab Corporation | Average (median) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Relative valuation data | ||||||||
Local currency | GBP | EUR | USD | GBP | GBP | SEK | USD | N/A |
Current market capitalisation (local currency, million) | 658 | N/A | 8,500 | 4,080 | 1,300 | 34,690 | 100,102 | N/A |
Year ago sales | 16 | 1,360 | 583 | 164 | 2,970 | 20,760 | N/A | |
Current sales | 37 | N/A | 1,860 | 709 | 212 | 3,540 | 19,570 | N/A |
Sales growth rate (%) | 135 | N/A | 37 | 22 | 30 | 19 | (5.70) | N/A |
Current cash | 23 | 10,520 | 446 | 100 | 9,050 | 81,300 | N/A | |
Current debt | 32[34] | 2,750 | 15 | 13 | 83 | 76,850 | N/A | |
Relative valuation metrics | ||||||||
Enterprise value/sales | 41.69 | N/A | 0.39 | 5.15 | 5.72 | 7.27 | 4.89 | 5.15 |
Growth-adjusted enterprise value/sales ratio | 0.31 | N/A | 0.01 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.38 | (0.85) | 0.19 |
Absolute valuation data | ||||||||
Lifecycle growth stage | Stage 1 (of 4) | Stage 2 (of 4) | Stage 1 (of 4) | Between stage 2 and 3 (of 4) | Stage 3 (of 4) | Stage 3 (of 4) | Between stage 2 and 3 (of 4) | N/A |
Cost of goods sold as a proportion of revenue (%) | 12.9% | 0% | ||||||
Operating expenses as a proportion of revenue (%) | (143.75)% | |||||||
Tax rate (%) | (6.23)% | |||||||
Depreciation and amortisation as a proportion of fixed capital (%) | 76.85% | |||||||
Fixed capital as a proportion of revenue (%) | 15.12% | |||||||
Working capital as a proportion of revenue (%) | ||||||||
Net borrowing ($000) | ||||||||
Interest amount ($000) |
Stage 1 | Stage 2 | Stage 3 | Stage 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cost of goods sold as a proportion of revenue (%) | ||||
Operating expenses as a proportion of revenue (%) | ||||
Tax rate (%) | ||||
Depreciation and amortisation as a proportion of fixed capital (%) | ||||
Fixed capital as a proportion of revenue (%) | ||||
Working capital as a proportion of revenue (%) | ||||
Net borrowing ($000) | ||||
Interest amount ($000) |
30/06/2018 | 30/06/2019 | 30/06/2020 | 30/06/2021 | 30/06/2022 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Profit and loss | |||||
Revenue (£'million) | 447.50 | 480.50 | 550.90 | 631.00 | 583.00 |
Gross profit | 0 | 0 | |||
Operating profit/(loss) | 291.10 | 303.30 | 337.70 | 365.60 | 270.00 |
Profit for the period | 236.70 | 247.60 | 313.20 | 296.30 | 215.80 |
Balance sheet | |||||
Cash and cash equivalents (£'million) | 125.30 | 179.30 | 235.90 | 445.3 | 488.3 |
Debt (£'million) | 0 | 0 | 19.90 | 15.00 | 11.80 |
Net assets | 405.20 | 459.30 | 557.60 | 592.40 | 573.50 |
Cash flow statement | |||||
Net cash from/(used in) operating activities | 265.4 | 328.6 | 262.9 | ||
Net cash from/(used in) investing activities | 7.8 | 151.7 | 26.4 | ||
Net cash from/(used in) financing activities | (216.6) | (270.9) | (246.3) | ||
Revenue breakdown | |||||
Ongoing revenue | |||||
Platform fees | 263.7 | 289.1 | |||
Fund management fees | 60.8 | 60.3 | |||
Ongoing advice charges | 9.0 | 8.3 | |||
Interest earned on client money | 51.9 | 51.8 | |||
Renewal commission | 5.1 | 4.6 | |||
Transactional revenue | |||||
Fees on stockbroking transactions | 231.6 | 164.6 | |||
Initial advice charges | 5.1 | 4.0 | |||
Other transactional income | 3.8 | 0.3 | |||
Metrics | |||||
Cost of goods sold as a proportion of revenue (%) | |||||
Operating expenses as a proportion of revenue (%) | |||||
Tax rate (%) | |||||
Depreciation and amortisation as a proportion of fixed capital (%) | |||||
Fixed capital as a proportion of revenue (%) | |||||
Working capital as a proportion of revenue (%) | |||||
Net borrowing ($000) | |||||
Interest amount ($000) |
30/09/2018 | 30/09/2019 | 30/09/2020 | 30/09/2021 | 30/09/2022 | 30/09/2023 | 30/09/2024 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Profit and loss | |||||||
Revenue (£'000) | 126,749 | 145,826 | 163,847 | 212,100 | 240,900 | ||
Profit before tax | 79,800 | 92,600 | |||||
Balance sheet | |||||||
Cash and cash equivalents (£'000) | 94,008 | 84,030 | |||||
Debt (£'000) | 0 | 0 | |||||
Cash flow statement | |||||||
Net cash from/(used in) operating activities | 44,675 | 45,798 | |||||
Net cash from/(used in) investing activities | (6,082) | (3,181) | |||||
Net cash from/(used in) financing activities | (30,969) | (52,595) | |||||
Metrics | |||||||
Cost of goods sold as a proportion of revenue (%) | |||||||
Operating expenses as a proportion of revenue (%) | |||||||
Tax rate (%) | |||||||
Depreciation and amortisation as a proportion of fixed capital (%) | |||||||
Fixed capital as a proportion of revenue (%) | |||||||
Working capital as a proportion of revenue (%) | |||||||
Net borrowing ($000) | |||||||
Interest amount ($000) |
Year | 1[35] | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7[36] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year end date | 31/12/2015 | 31/12/2016 | 31/12/2017 | 31/12/2018 | 31/12/2019 | 31/12/2020 | 31/12/2021 |
Historic | Historic | Historic | Historic | Historic | Historic | Historic | |
Profit and loss | |||||||
Revenue (£'000) | 925 | 3,081 | 124,077 | 138,685 | |||
Gross profit (£'000) | 124,077 | 138,685 | |||||
Other operating income | |||||||
Administrative expenses | |||||||
Profit from operations | 345 | 1,603 | |||||
Finance income | |||||||
Finance expense | |||||||
Profit before tax | |||||||
Tax expense | |||||||
Profit for the year | |||||||
Exchange (losses)/gains arising on translation on foreign operations | |||||||
Total comprehensive income | |||||||
Balance sheet | |||||||
Cash flow statement | |||||||
Net cash from/(used in) operating activities | 7,306 | (9.342) | 91,358 | ||||
Net cash from/(used in) investing activities | 121 | (1,767) | (1,564) | ||||
Net cash from/(used in) financing activities | (3,902) | 7,007 | 370 | ||||
Metrics | |||||||
Cost of goods sold as a proportion of revenue (%) | 0% | 0% | |||||
Operating expenses as a proportion of revenue (%) | |||||||
Tax rate (%) | |||||||
Depreciation and amortisation as a proportion of fixed capital (%) | |||||||
Fixed capital as a proportion of revenue (%) | |||||||
Working capital as a proportion of revenue (%) | |||||||
Net borrowing ($000) | |||||||
Interest amount ($000) |
30/09/2018 | 30/09/2019 | 30/09/2020 | 30/09/2021 | 30/09/2022 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Profit and loss | |||||
Revenue (£'000) | |||||
Profit before tax | |||||
Balance sheet | |||||
Cash and cash equivalents (£'000) | |||||
Debt (£'000) | |||||
Cash flow statement | |||||
Net cash from/(used in) operating activities | 1,876 | (885) | (852) | ||
Net cash from/(used in) investing activities | (32) | (238) | (60) | ||
Net cash from/(used in) financing activities | 1,276 | 5,203 | 0 | ||
Metrics | |||||
Cost of goods sold as a proportion of revenue (%) | |||||
Operating expenses as a proportion of revenue (%) | |||||
Tax rate (%) | |||||
Depreciation and amortisation as a proportion of fixed capital (%) | |||||
Fixed capital as a proportion of revenue (%) | |||||
Working capital as a proportion of revenue (%) | |||||
Net borrowing ($000) | |||||
Interest amount ($000) |
Funding History[37]
As of November 24th 2021, the company held a valuation of £658 million. However, it has since executed two funding rounds through debt financing instead of equity, which hints at a potential decrease in its valuation from the previous £658 million.
Date announced | Investment type | Post money valuation | Amount | No. of investors |
---|---|---|---|---|
15/09/2022 | Equity Crowdfunding | - | US$1,733,820.00 | - |
20/05/2022 | Debt Financing | - | £30,000,000.00 | 6 |
24/11/2021 | Equity Crowdfunding | £658,363,176.00 | £8,363,176.00 | - |
23/03/2021 | Series B | US$345,057,713.00 | £35,000,000.00 | 4 |
14/05/2020 | Equity Crowdfunding | - | £7,099,999.00 | - |
31/10/2019 | Series A | - | £12,000,000.00 | 1 |
25/06/2019 | Equity Crowdfunding | - | £3,793,410.00 | 1 |
25/04/2019 | Equity Crowdfunding | - | US$1,927,630.00 | 1 |
29/07/2018 | Equity Crowdfunding | £46,516,630.00 | £3,516,630.00 | 1 |
18/05/2018 | Pre Seed | - | - | 2 |
05/03/2017 | Equity Crowdfunding | - | £1,071,850.00 | 4 |
01/03/2017 | Seed | - | - | - |
28/07/2016 | Equity Crowdfunding | £2,069,980.00 | £169,980.00 | - |
Economic links to cash flow patterns
Cash flow type | Introduction | Growth | Shake out | Mature | Decline |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Operating | - | + | +/- | + | - |
Investing | - | - | +/- | - | + |
Financing | + | + | +/- | - | +/- |
Beta risk profile
Beta value | Risk rating |
---|---|
0 to 0.50 | Low |
0.50 to 1.50 | Medium |
1.50 to 3.00 | High |
3.00 and above | Extremely high |
Freetrade adjusted beta calculation
Date | iShares MSCI World ETF share price | Freetrade valuation | iShares MSCI World ETF share price change | Freetrade valuation change |
---|---|---|---|---|
01/07/2018 | 82 | 2,069,980 | ||
01/08/2018 | 83 | 46,516,630 | 1.14% | 2147.20% |
01/09/2018 | 84 | 46,516,630 | 0.75% | |
01/10/2018 | 78 | 46,516,630 | (7.14)% | |
01/11/2018 | 79 | 46,516,630 | 1.13% | |
01/12/2018 | 72 | 46,516,630 | (8.51)% | |
01/01/2019 | 78 | 46,516,630 | 8.75% | |
01/02/2019 | 81 | 46,516,630 | 2.98% | |
01/03/2019 | 82 | 46,516,630 | 1.49% | |
01/04/2019 | 85 | 46,516,630 | 3.72% | |
01/05/2019 | 80 | 46,516,630 | (5.79)% | |
01/06/2019 | 84 | 46,516,630 | 4.91% | |
01/07/2019 | 86 | 46,516,630 | 2.30% | |
01/08/2019 | 84 | 46,516,630 | (2.20)% | |
01/09/2019 | 86 | 46,516,630 | 2.16% | |
01/10/2019 | 88 | 46,516,630 | 2.55% | |
01/11/2019 | 90 | 46,516,630 | 2.80% | |
01/12/2019 | 92 | 46,516,630 | 2.09% | |
01/01/2020 | 92 | 46,516,630 | (0.13)% | |
01/02/2020 | 85 | 46,516,630 | (8.25)% | |
01/03/2020 | 74 | 46,516,630 | (13.09)% | |
01/04/2020 | 81 | 46,516,630 | 10.82% | |
01/05/2020 | 86 | 46,516,630 | 5.03% | |
01/06/2020 | 87 | 46,516,630 | 1.59% | |
01/07/2020 | 92 | 46,516,630 | 5.96% | |
01/08/2020 | 98 | 46,516,630 | 6.53% | |
01/09/2020 | 95 | 46,516,630 | (3.34)% | |
01/10/2020 | 92 | 46,516,630 | (3.00)% | |
01/11/2020 | 104 | 46,516,630 | 12.86% | |
01/12/2020 | 107 | 46,516,630 | 3.19% | |
01/01/2021 | 107 | 46,516,630 | (0.10)% | |
01/02/2021 | 110 | 46,516,630 | 2.49% | |
01/03/2021 | 114 | 46,516,630 | 3.69% | |
01/04/2021 | 119 | 274,498,000 | 4.32% | 490.11% |
01/05/2021 | 121 | 274,498,000 | 1.61% | |
01/06/2021 | 121 | 274,498,000 | 0.77% | |
01/07/2021 | 125 | 274,498,000 | 2.59% | |
01/08/2021 | 128 | 274,498,000 | 2.48% | |
01/09/2021 | 122 | 274,498,000 | (4.21)% | |
01/10/2021 | 129 | 274,498,000 | 5.84% | |
01/11/2021 | 127 | 274,498,000 | (2.05)% | |
01/12/2021 | 131 | 274,498,000 | 3.22% | |
01/01/2022 | 125 | 274,498,000 | (4.44)% | |
01/02/2022 | 121 | 274,498,000 | (2.91)% | |
01/03/2022 | 125 | 274,498,000 | 2.87% | |
01/04/2022 | 114 | 274,498,000 | (8.38)% | |
01/05/2022 | 115 | 274,498,000 | 0.44% | |
01/06/2022 | 104 | 274,498,000 | (9.38)% | |
01/07/2022 | 114 | 274,498,000 | 9.07% | |
01/08/2022 | 108 | 274,498,000 | (4.58)% | |
01/09/2022 | 98 | 274,498,000 | (9.37)% | |
01/10/2022 | 106 | 274,498,000 | 7.47% | |
01/11/2022 | 113 | 274,498,000 | 7.47% | |
01/12/2022 | 107 | 658,363,176 | (5.36)% | 139.84% |
01/01/2023 | 116 | 658,363,176 | 7.89% | |
01/02/2023 | 113 | 658,363,176 | (2.59)% | |
01/03/2023 | 117 | 658,363,176 | 3.24% | |
01/04/2023 | 119 | 658,363,176 | 1.80% | |
01/05/2023 | 117 | 658,363,176 | (0.99)% | |
01/06/2023 | 120 | 658,363,176 | 2.10% | |
09/06/2023 | 121 | 658,363,176 | 0.97% |
Beta: | 76.51 |
Adjusted beta: | 51.59 |
Other information
Freetrade was unsuccessful in its 'Freetrade' word application in the EU.[38] Does this mean that Freetrade has to pay the trademark holder a fee to use the 'Freetrade' word in the EU?
Freetrade | Trading 212 | Hargreaves Lansdown | |
---|---|---|---|
Austria | No | Yes[39] | No |
Bulgaria | No | Yes[39] | No |
Croatia | No | Yes[39] | No |
Cyprus | No | Yes[39] | No |
Czech Republic | No | Yes[39] | No |
Denmark | No | Yes[39] | No |
Estonia | No | Yes[39] | No |
Finland | No | Yes[39] | No |
France | No | Yes[39] | No |
French Guiana | No | Yes[39] | No |
Gibraltar | No | Yes[39] | No |
Greece | No | Yes[39] | No |
Guadeloupe | No | Yes[39] | No |
Guernsey | No | Yes[39] | No |
Hungary | No | Yes[39] | No |
Iceland | No | Yes[39] | No |
Ireland | Yes[40] | Yes[39] | No |
Isle of Man | No | Yes[39] | No |
Italy | No | Yes[39] | No |
Jersey | No | Yes[39] | No |
Latvia | No | Yes[39] | No |
Liechtenstein | No | Yes[39] | No |
Lithuania | No | Yes[39] | No |
Luxembourg | No | Yes[39] | No |
Malta | No | Yes[39] | No |
Martinique | No | Yes[39] | No |
Mayotte | No | Yes[39] | No |
Netherlands | Yes[40] | Yes[39] | No |
Norway | No | Yes[39] | No |
Poland | No | Yes[39] | No |
Portugal | No | Yes[39] | No |
Reunion | No | Yes[39] | No |
Romania | No | Yes[39] | No |
Slovakia | No | Yes[39] | No |
Slovenia | No | Yes[39] | No |
Spain | No | Yes[39] | No |
Sweden | No | Yes[39] | No |
Switzerland | No | Yes[39] | No |
United Kingdom | Yes[41] | Yes[39] | Yes |
Freetrade | Trading 212 | Hargreaves Lansdown | |
---|---|---|---|
How many people are able to access the platform? | 68,916,741 | 436,397,348 | 68,916,741 |
What proportion of the global population is able to access the platform?[42] | 0.86% | 5.43% | 0.86% |
Key terms of the convertible loan note
A convertible loan is an investment for equity in a company where shares will be issued at a future date. Usually, the shares will be issued when the company completes a larger round of investment. A convertible loan allows a company to raise equity finance without setting a valuation.
Please see below a summary of the key terms of within tranche 1 of the convertible loan notes offered to Crowdcube investors in this round. | ||
---|---|---|
Share type(s) on offer | Series B shares. | The convertible loan notes will convert into the most senior share class created and in issue at the point of conversion.
The Company's most senior share class is currently Series B shares, which carry voting and pre-emption rights and a preference to receive the issue price back first alongside the other preference shares in certain circumstances. |
Duration/Relevant Date | 12 months from the date of issue. | If no conversion event occurs before this date, the convertible loan notes will automatically convert into Shares. |
Discount Rate | 20% | This is the amount of discount on the Shares which investors will receive compared to the share price at which other shares in the Company are being issued following a Qualified Financing event. |
Interest | N/A. | The convertible loan notes offered in tranche 1 of this Crowdcube round do not accrue interest. |
Valuation Cap | £400,000,000 pre-money valuation. | Convertible loans may contain a Valuation Cap, which is the maximum pre-money valuation of the Company that will be used to calculate the share price if there is a Qualified Financing prior to the Relevant Date. |
Default Price | £3.7711 | The Default Price is the price per Share of the Company that will be used to calculate the number of Shares investors will receive following a CET1 Capital Event, Sale or on the Relevant Date. |
Conversion Events | The convertible loan will convert into fully paid Shares on the occurrence of the following:
|
The convertible loan notes will convert into fully paid Shares in the Company on the occurrence of certain events. |
Conversion Price |
|
This is the price per Share at which the convertible loan notes will convert into Shares in the Company following a Qualified Financing, CET1 Capital Event, Relevant Date or Sale. |
Additional Shares | In the event that, following conversion of any of the convertible loan notes prior to a Qualified Financing, the Company issues Shares at a price less than the Default Price, noteholders will be issued with such number of additional Conversion Shares to put them in the position they would have been if the loan notes had converted at the lower price. | The convertible loan notes being offered to Crowdcube investors benefit from anti-dilution protection. |
Repayment | Provided no CET1 Capital Event has occurred and the FCA has given prior permission for such repayment, the convertible loan notes are repayable at the written demand of the majority of noteholders (being holders of 66.67% of the principal amount outstanding) on an Event of Default - i.e. if the Company becomes insolvent. | In certain circumstances the convertible loan notes may be repaid, rather than converted into Shares. |
Tax relief being offered | N/A. | Tax relief is not being offered in respect of tranche 1 of the convertible loan notes offered in this Crowdcube round. |
Actions
To invest in Freetrade, click here.
To contact Freetrade, click here.
References and notes
- ↑ There is substantial evidence to suggest that investing is one of the best ways to grow your money over time. Here are a few key points: 1) Historical Returns: Over the long term, the stock market has provided substantial returns. For example, the S&P 500, an index of the 500 largest companies in the United States, has delivered an average annual return of approximately 10% since its inception in 1926. While past performance is not a guarantee of future returns, this long-term trend suggests that investing in a diversified portfolio of stocks can yield significant returns over time. 2) Compounding Interest: Investing allows your money to work for you through the power of compound interest. When you invest, you not only earn a return on your initial investment, but also on any returns that investment generates. Over time, this can lead to exponential growth in your wealth. 3) Inflation Hedging: Investing can help protect your money from inflation. While the value of cash can be eroded by inflation over time, investments like stocks and real estate typically increase in value at a rate that outpaces inflation. 4) Wealth Creation: Numerous studies have shown that the wealthiest individuals and families often have substantial portions of their wealth invested. For example, a report from the Federal Reserve found that the top 10% of U.S. households by wealth held an average of nearly 90% of their wealth in investments as of 2019. 5) Retirement Savings: Investing is a key component of planning for retirement. Most retirement savings strategies, like 401(k) plans and individual retirement accounts (IRAs), involve investing in a mix of stocks, bonds, and other assets. While investing can offer substantial benefits, it's also important to note that all investments carry risk. The value of investments can go down as well as up, and it's possible to lose money. Therefore, it's important to thoroughly research any investment, diversify your portfolio, and consider seeking advice from a financial professional if you're unsure about where to start. In addition, while investing can be a powerful tool for wealth creation, it's not the only strategy. Other important aspects of personal finance, such as maintaining a budget, managing debt, and building an emergency fund, also play critical roles in financial health.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 https://freetrade.io/about
- ↑ https://freetrade.io/compare-plans
- ↑ Freetrade and Trading 212 are similar in that they both offer commission free trading. Trading 212 is better than Freetrade in terms of the number of investments offered (12,000 vs. 6,000), FX fees (0.15% vs. 0.39%) and platform usage fee [Zero vs. £5.99 per month to access the 6,000 investments (note, to access 1,500 investments only, there is no fee)].
- ↑ The annual global brokerage market right now (2023) is estimated at $1.30 trillion, and Freetrade generated around £12.68 million ($15.93 million) in revenue in its most recent full-year results
- ↑ Here, to estimate the adjusted beta, we used the iShares MSCI World ETF to represent the market portfolio; and in terms of the time period and frequency of observations, we used five years of monthly data (i.e. 60 observations in total), which is supported by a study and is the most common choice. We note that the amount of available data observations for Freetrade is less than what's typically used in the five years of monthly data beta calculation (i.e. 3 observations vs. 60 observations), and accordingly, calculating the beta of such a company has been considered by many to be abnormal; however, for the benefit of simplifying investment comparisons and decision making, we believe that a single standardised risk measure is useful, and that the most appropriate measure is beta. The beta value in a future period has been found to be on average closer to the mean value of 1.0, and because valuation is forward-looking, it is logical to adjust the raw beta so it more accurately predicts a future beta. In addition, here, we have assumed that for an investment to be considered 'extremely high' risk, it must have a beta value of 3 or more. Further information about the beta ratings can be found in the appendix section of this report.
- ↑ https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5141120/securities-brokerages-and-stock-exchanges
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 https://freetrade.io/stock-list#stock-list-table
- ↑ https://www.trading212.com/
- ↑ https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.avuscapital.trading212
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 https://www.trading212.com/terms/invest
- ↑ On a maximum £2k uninvested cash.
- ↑ On a maximum £4k uninvested cash.
- ↑ https://www.kroo.com/
- ↑ Note: Reviews aren't verified by Google, but Google checks for and removes fake content when it's identified.
- ↑ https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/09797821
- ↑ Assets under management is the total value of securities and cash balances administered and managed by Freetrade on behalf of its users.
- ↑ Trading volumes are the total value of executed orders placed by Freetrade users.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/09797821/filing-history
- ↑ https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/freetrade-limited/company_financials
- ↑ Stadler, Enduring Success, 3–5.
- ↑ http://www.robertpicard.net/files/econgrowthandadvertising.pdf
- ↑ https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/WLD/world/gdp-growth-rate
- ↑ http://escml.umd.edu/Papers/ObsCPMT.pdf
- ↑ Levie J, Lichtenstein BB (2010) A terminal assessment of stages theory: Introducing a dynamic approach to entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice 34(2): 317–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00377.x
- ↑ Stef Hinfelaar et al.:, 2019.
- ↑ Dickinson, 2010.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 http://escml.umd.edu/Papers/ObsCPMT.pdf
- ↑ 29.00 29.01 29.02 29.03 29.04 29.05 29.06 29.07 29.08 29.09 29.10 29.11 29.12 29.13 29.14 29.15 29.16 29.17 29.18 29.19 29.20 29.21 29.22 29.23 http://people.stern.nyu.edu/adamodar/pdfiles/papers/younggrowth.pdf
- ↑ Research shows that an investment has two main types of risks: 1) non-systematic and 2) systematic. Systematic risk is the risk related to the overall market, and non-systematic risk is the risk that's specific to an individual investment. Evidence shows that taking on non-systematic risk is inefficient, and it's, therefore, best to eliminate it; and in most cases, elimination is fairy easy to do [by holding a diversified portfolio of investments (i.e. around 15 investments)]. Accordingly, when assessing the riskiness of an investment, it’s best to look at the systematic risk only (i.e. ignore the non-systematic risk). A key measure of systematic risk is beta, and a main way to determine the riskiness of an investment is to compare the beta of the investment with the beta of the market, which is 1. For example, Supply@ME Capital's adjusted beta (5 years, monthly data) is 4.61, and is, accordingly, 561% above the market beta (of 1); assuming that a 'high' level of riskiness is 50% or more above the market beta, then the riskiness of investing in Supply@ME Captial is considered to be 'high' (561%>50%). For estimating an asset's beta, in terms of time period, and frequency of observations, the most common choice is five years of monthly data, yielding 60 observations. One study of U.S. stocks found support for five years of monthly data over alternatives. An argument can be made that the 2 years, weekly data can be especially appropriate in fast growing markets. The beta value in a future period has been found to be on average closer to the mean value of 1.0, the beta of an average-systematic-risk security, than to the value of the raw beta. Because valuation is forward looking, it is logical to adjust the raw beta so it more accurately predicts a future beta.
- ↑ https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/business/activitysizeandlocation/bulletins/businessdemography/2020#the-south-west-continued-to-have-the-highest-five-year-survival-rate
- ↑ Demirakos et al., 2010; Gleason et al., 2013
- ↑ https://www.newyorkfed.org/mediabrary/media/medialibrary/media/research/staff_reports/research_papers/9809.pdf
- ↑ https://www.crowdcube.com/companies/freetrade/pitches/qQNNal
- ↑ https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/document-api-images-live.ch.gov.uk/docs/VjHMtIQiiQi__nVCWAt11Y5huQG68koLl03pvpnqrn0/application-pdf?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAWRGBDBV3KS3H3G5V%2F20230606%2Feu-west-2%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20230606T213520Z&X-Amz-Expires=60&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAMaCWV1LXdlc3QtMiJIMEYCIQC660r%2Bjx4D8MAt7dZnQyI4rQKB%2ByjmjuPvdqPe%2FzG5gwIhAMWx9BAf15tgFNPWA30ZMAQoITU1FekaZU4DdaDpbqpBKroFCEwQBBoMNDQ5MjI5MDMyODIyIgxTLwy1663v14A2ya4qlwW716KZyuhql1qyYzIKJqYYB3LoPM5dO6SP%2BGh1aYozdNJq7ZXCxOATczExlzncRJDmLWz0z1CurY9ZplLg4eiabGEMU0sZQshK4gKgagQ1A4rNWijM5fefc0CIoE%2FanqRcqu95iDs%2FiQofP48NNSqCxwcNUcBk1sSojK4RPJIlJxb5AeU2khPA1ldd80lrLdDrLswPOtjjyzLenNFGf5q2ArWweQL%2FzvPIg%2FelxdUzd91W1PLmU%2BBXfDEw%2BXdnD25AB2%2BLhij7Ueg8hc9hl0wSikQ6%2BLXpQyJBlgy0sURS0k2FSsEDv35cmdHX%2BTG0jUMQvdeKRy7FhHZhp%2BkcAnTMXoD5Q8flHUeigOAM1H4Upeukj%2FQvHxeIJwJECydGsGxed8x8uzREXYJPoijgRJjaXIMQXPY%2FwZ%2F0uK0iZnNwLPdQ3iUfwFFr5Z8LJB22iJA0WQOGVXtrWOPm2ePOkVz7kYYVYYFWaUKsFJXoTz1ddQ6yxrlXJELpXwOqClKe%2B2jXqA%2FPPjGqJzhxN08oKsE4R1tI%2F5XO8CkkVt1j9dzkcg3j46oz%2Frah5op4BvY%2BZ5SwJKe1k7IAjzerriBgvb0nevlWE%2B2M7P6wX0xqaFh28yzraDWif0VYhqwWbxm4Fa1QooHBTDLNSHcUKAPrWMfa8dA3OKIgOqybGtrBu%2FGIcsBkEXOajDjVE5OlmQakV%2Brz8XRPYEbzMMNuSawNwrv8NW3Mm7mb8y%2Bivq72a4YuaqwRhPPXv7ZJMPBs48hgjH8lRNMqmyK6FLaEIDyFLAGiRpXCTsaRyDqA7ydsGd4sdEUKzlAwpXzKH3ZrR%2B8webQv4S4Mo7lY9XmLXF1a4UEjiX6MNYLQfhpEs6WfAIL%2B6CiR7U1PfuQwiIf%2BowY6sAHe%2B%2FOG%2FE7AbAx8JhLgEhcGzWkFdOHiC0G5h%2Brx6a7s%2BKDx6Y2uB%2FH8Iz2BvGmuyJywGfydIu%2BpuBpyXDJIiSHEaPXgdem9Vr1qfWp4DgAKBDqbXXynyVzhBfIcTshNhDAV%2FeCRyk1sMW8wOGvkXh09tP6hekKWL84gHFuzpO5P2TD5ssECMlD2mzAKzgG%2FJ4m6s1vPE6uS%2F7zLhcjceOfFo1CH2Vzib3s5ZkCMSQo%2Bbg%3D%3D&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&response-content-disposition=inline%3Bfilename%3D%22companies_house_document.pdf%22&X-Amz-Signature=b2374cf4a6daa79a50613961fbeed5cee094a9ab08c59ad284c7ee50ff859a78
- ↑ https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/document-api-images-live.ch.gov.uk/docs/TSm136YZkgOVAft-B377F-NKlBy9iC-6ZBi-J0I__mk/application-pdf?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAWRGBDBV3KS3H3G5V%2F20230606%2Feu-west-2%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20230606T211732Z&X-Amz-Expires=60&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAMaCWV1LXdlc3QtMiJIMEYCIQC660r%2Bjx4D8MAt7dZnQyI4rQKB%2ByjmjuPvdqPe%2FzG5gwIhAMWx9BAf15tgFNPWA30ZMAQoITU1FekaZU4DdaDpbqpBKroFCEwQBBoMNDQ5MjI5MDMyODIyIgxTLwy1663v14A2ya4qlwW716KZyuhql1qyYzIKJqYYB3LoPM5dO6SP%2BGh1aYozdNJq7ZXCxOATczExlzncRJDmLWz0z1CurY9ZplLg4eiabGEMU0sZQshK4gKgagQ1A4rNWijM5fefc0CIoE%2FanqRcqu95iDs%2FiQofP48NNSqCxwcNUcBk1sSojK4RPJIlJxb5AeU2khPA1ldd80lrLdDrLswPOtjjyzLenNFGf5q2ArWweQL%2FzvPIg%2FelxdUzd91W1PLmU%2BBXfDEw%2BXdnD25AB2%2BLhij7Ueg8hc9hl0wSikQ6%2BLXpQyJBlgy0sURS0k2FSsEDv35cmdHX%2BTG0jUMQvdeKRy7FhHZhp%2BkcAnTMXoD5Q8flHUeigOAM1H4Upeukj%2FQvHxeIJwJECydGsGxed8x8uzREXYJPoijgRJjaXIMQXPY%2FwZ%2F0uK0iZnNwLPdQ3iUfwFFr5Z8LJB22iJA0WQOGVXtrWOPm2ePOkVz7kYYVYYFWaUKsFJXoTz1ddQ6yxrlXJELpXwOqClKe%2B2jXqA%2FPPjGqJzhxN08oKsE4R1tI%2F5XO8CkkVt1j9dzkcg3j46oz%2Frah5op4BvY%2BZ5SwJKe1k7IAjzerriBgvb0nevlWE%2B2M7P6wX0xqaFh28yzraDWif0VYhqwWbxm4Fa1QooHBTDLNSHcUKAPrWMfa8dA3OKIgOqybGtrBu%2FGIcsBkEXOajDjVE5OlmQakV%2Brz8XRPYEbzMMNuSawNwrv8NW3Mm7mb8y%2Bivq72a4YuaqwRhPPXv7ZJMPBs48hgjH8lRNMqmyK6FLaEIDyFLAGiRpXCTsaRyDqA7ydsGd4sdEUKzlAwpXzKH3ZrR%2B8webQv4S4Mo7lY9XmLXF1a4UEjiX6MNYLQfhpEs6WfAIL%2B6CiR7U1PfuQwiIf%2BowY6sAHe%2B%2FOG%2FE7AbAx8JhLgEhcGzWkFdOHiC0G5h%2Brx6a7s%2BKDx6Y2uB%2FH8Iz2BvGmuyJywGfydIu%2BpuBpyXDJIiSHEaPXgdem9Vr1qfWp4DgAKBDqbXXynyVzhBfIcTshNhDAV%2FeCRyk1sMW8wOGvkXh09tP6hekKWL84gHFuzpO5P2TD5ssECMlD2mzAKzgG%2FJ4m6s1vPE6uS%2F7zLhcjceOfFo1CH2Vzib3s5ZkCMSQo%2Bbg%3D%3D&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&response-content-disposition=inline%3Bfilename%3D%22companies_house_document.pdf%22&X-Amz-Signature=d6d6e64d192d38e0d55e9784f1eeaea2fc9d75fc7a93e9c93081aa1ac5c5bc57
- ↑ https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/freetrade-limited
- ↑ https://www.trademarkelite.com/europe/trademark/trademark-detail/014989172/FREETRADE
- ↑ 39.00 39.01 39.02 39.03 39.04 39.05 39.06 39.07 39.08 39.09 39.10 39.11 39.12 39.13 39.14 39.15 39.16 39.17 39.18 39.19 39.20 39.21 39.22 39.23 39.24 39.25 39.26 39.27 39.28 39.29 39.30 39.31 39.32 39.33 39.34 39.35 39.36 39.37 39.38 https://globefunder.com/trading-212-countries/
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 https://www.financemagnates.com/forex/brokers/freetrade-enters-netherland-ireland-with-zero-free-services/
- ↑ https://help.freetrade.io/en/articles/1794457-which-countries-is-freetrade-available-in
- ↑ Here, we have assumed that the global population is 8,037,772,395 people (source: https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/#:~:text=World%20Population%20Clock%3A%208%20Billion,(LIVE%2C%202023)%20%2D%20Worldometer)
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