NVIDIA Corporation

NVIDIA Corp

Nvidia HQ at Santa Clara
Type	Public
Traded as	Nasdaq: NVDA Nasdaq-100 component S&P 100 component S&P 500 component
Industry	Computer hardware Computer software Cloud computing Semiconductors Artificial intelligence GPUs Graphics cards Consumer electronics Video games
Founded	April 5, 1993
Founders	Jensen Huang Curtis Priem Chris Malachowsky
Headquarters	Santa Clara, California , U.S.
Areas served	Worldwide
Key people	Jensen Huang (President and CEO)
Products	Graphics processing units (including with ray-tracing capability in Nvidia RTX line) Central processing units Drivers Chipsets Tablet computers Collaborative software TV accessories Data processing units GPU-chips for laptops
Services	Cloud Native Support Cluster Management Edge Deployment Management Inference Serving - Triton IO Acceleration Networking Virtual GPU
Revenue	US$26.974 billion (2023)
Operating income	US$4.224 billion (2023)
Net income	US$4.368 billion (2023)
Total assets	US$41.18 billion (2023)
Total equity	US$22.10 billion (2023)
Owner	Jensen Huang
Number of employees	26,196 (2023)
Website	https://www.nvidia.com/
Footnotes / references Financials as of January 31, 2023

NVIDIA Corporation provides graphics, and compute and networking solutions in the United States, Taiwan, China, and internationally. The company's Graphics segment offers GeForce GPUs for gaming and PCs, the GeForce NOW game streaming service and related infrastructure, and solutions for gaming platforms; Quadro/NVIDIA RTX GPUs for enterprise workstation graphics; vGPU software for cloud-based visual and virtual computing; automotive platforms for infotainment systems; and Omniverse software for building 3D designs and virtual worlds. Its Compute & Networking segment provides Data Center platforms and systems for AI, HPC, and accelerated computing; Mellanox networking and interconnect solutions; automotive AI Cockpit, autonomous driving development agreements, and autonomous vehicle solutions; cryptocurrency mining processors; Jetson for robotics and other embedded platforms; and NVIDIA AI Enterprise and other software. The company's products are used in gaming, professional visualization, datacenter, and automotive markets. NVIDIA Corporation sells its products to original equipment manufacturers, original device manufacturers, system builders, add-in board manufacturers, retailers/distributors, independent software vendors, Internet and cloud service providers, automotive manufacturers and tier-1 automotive suppliers, mapping companies, start-ups, and other ecosystem participants. It has a strategic collaboration with Kroger Co. NVIDIA Corporation was incorporated in 1993 and is headquartered in Santa Clara, California.

About the company

What is the mission of the company?

Nvidia mission statement is “to provide the latest NVIDIA news on products, technologies, and events. To highlight and engage with our fans.” And their goal is to create the future of computing by accelerating AI everywhere and committing to creating innovative technologies.

Company Overview

Nvidia Corporation is a leading global technology company that specializes in the design and manufacture of graphics processing units (GPUs) and system-on-a-chip units (SoCs). Founded in 1993 and headquartered in Santa Clara, California, Nvidia has transformed itself from a gaming-centric company to a diversified technology giant with a broad product portfolio.

With a focus on innovation and cutting-edge technology, Nvidia plays a significant role in various industries, including gaming, professional visualization, data centers, automotive, and artificial intelligence (AI). Its contributions to the development of GPU technology have been instrumental in driving advancements in deep learning, virtual reality (VR), and high-performance computing (HPC).

Nvidia's commitment to research and development has led to the creation of various platforms like Nvidia Drive for autonomous vehicles, Nvidia CUDA for parallel computing, and Nvidia Omniverse for collaborative 3D content creation. With a global presence and strategic partnerships with major technology firms, Nvidia continues to be at the forefront of technological advancement.

Business Operations

Nvidia operates in various segments within the technology industry, primarily focusing on GPU development, AI, and deep learning technologies. An overview of Nvidia's key operations is explained below:

GPU Development:

Nvidia's primary operation revolves around the design, development, and sale of GPUs. These processors are vital in rendering graphics for gaming, professional visualization, data center, and automotive markets. Nvidia's GPUs are known for their cutting-edge technology and high performance, positioning the company as a leader in the field.

AI and Deep Learning:

Nvidia leverages its GPU technology to enable AI and deep learning applications across various sectors, including healthcare, automotive, finance, and robotics. Its platforms provide the computational power necessary for training complex neural networks and implementing AI solutions.

Automotive and Autonomous Vehicles:

Nvidia's Drive platform powers autonomous vehicles, providing the necessary computing power for real-time processing and navigation. The company collaborates with automotive manufacturers and tech firms to create solutions for self-driving cars.

Data Centers and Cloud Computing:

Nvidia's GPUs are used in data centers and cloud computing infrastructures, facilitating high-performance computing and parallel processing tasks. The company partners with key players in the tech industry to offer optimized solutions for cloud-based applications.

Professional Visualization:

Nvidia's technology extends to professional visualization, catering to designers, artists, and scientists who require advanced graphics capabilities. The company's Quadro and Titan GPUs are tailored for high-end professional use.

Software and Services:

Nvidia also offers software and platform services that leverage its GPU technology. The CUDA programming model and the Nvidia AI Enterprise suite are examples of how the company enables developers to build and deploy AI-driven applications.

Nvidia's operations are marked by continuous innovation, strategic partnerships, and a commitment to delivering state-of-the-art technology solutions. Through its diverse product portfolio, Nvidia continues to shape the future of technology, gaming, AI, and autonomous vehicles, aligning itself with global trends and emerging market opportunities.

Industry Overview

NVIDIA corporation competes in a variety of Industries, ranging from Graphics and Gaming to the Healthcare Industry. In the following we give a brief summary of the industries NVIDIA competes in, and NVIDIA's position within those industries.

1. Graphics and Gaming: NVIDIA is a major player in the graphics and gaming industry. They produce high-performance graphics processing units (GPUs) that power video games, virtual reality experiences, and other graphics-intensive applications. Their main competition is with companies like AMD.
2. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: NVIDIA's GPUs are widely used for AI and machine learning tasks due to their processing capabilities. They compete with companies like Intel and AMD in providing hardware solutions for accelerating AI computations.
3. Data Center and Cloud Computing: NVIDIA's GPUs are also used in data centers and cloud environments to accelerate a variety of tasks, including AI, machine learning, and scientific computing. In this Industry they compete with companies like Intel and AMD in providing hardware solutions for datacenter acceleration.
4. Automotive and Autonomous Vehicles: In the car-industry, NVIDIA provides technology for self-driving cars and advanced driver assistance systems, which are facing increasingly more demand. In this they compete with companies like Intel's Mobileye and other technology providers in the automotive industry.
5. High-Performance Computing: NVIDIA's GPUs are furthermore used in supercomputers and high-performance computing clusters. These can be used for a variety of tasks, such as scientific simulations and research, which demand high levels of computation. They compete with companies providing specialised HPC solutions, such as BrainTrust.
6. Professional Graphics and Workstations: NVIDIA's Quadro and other professional GPU lines are used by artists, designers, engineers, and other professionals for tasks like 3D modeling, video editing, and CAD. In this they also compete with companies like AMD and Intel.
7. Edge Computing and IoT: NVIDIA's technology is also used in edge computing and Internet of Things (IoT) applications, where processing power is needed closer to the data source. In this emerging field they compete with a variety of technology providers.
8. Healthcare and Life Sciences: NVIDIA's GPUs are used for medical imaging and scientific research in the healthcare and life sciences sectors. They compete with many other hardware providers catering to the healthcare industry.

In this it is important to understand that the technology sector is constantly changing, and companies such as NVIDIA constantly face new potential industries, in which GPUs and processing power are needed. This is due to the fast pace of change within the computation and technology industry and the constant innovation and automation within all kinds of industries, requiring hardware offered by NVIDIA and its competitors.

Macroeconomic Analysis

Macro sensitivity

US Semiconductor companies are sensitive to economic conditions and market activities, with high beta. S&P 500 and SOX are heavily correlated. Nvidia has a high beta of 1.75 which measures the sensitivity to the market activity. This strong correlation indicate the performance of the semiconductor companies being heavily influenced by the general market activies, being affected by macroeconomic factors including the monetary policies, inflation rates, federal funds rate and many more.

SOXvs S&P500

Philadelphia Semiconductor Index (SOX)

Philadelphia Semiconductor Index (SOX) measures the performance of 30 largest United States semiconductor companies involved in the distribution, manufacturing and design of the product. Nvidia has the largest market capitalisation with $1.11T and second highest trailing price to earnings ratio of over 235.

Nvidia benefited from recent surging Artificial Intellignece demand and FOMO (fear of missing out) trades which substantially increased its valuation. Typically during recessionary period with economic hardship, growth stocks with high beta and PER suffer more than value stocks on the downside.

SOX constituents

Company	Ticker	Stock Price ($) (as of 04/08/2023)	Market Capitalisation ($, in billions)	Trailing Price to Earnings Ratio
Analog Devices, Inc.	ADI	185.4	93.958	26.63
Allegro MicroSystems, Inc	ALGM	42.61	8.326	44.58
Applied Materials, Inc.	AMAT	146.22	123.626	19.42
Advanced Micro Devices	AMD	114.69	186.955	645.69
ASML Holding N.V.	ASML	679.81	273.87	33.04
Broadcom Inc.	AVGO	874.92	362.985	27.59
Coherent Corp.	COHR	47.47	6.708	(negative)
Entegris, Inc.	ENTG	101.02	15.209	(negative)
GlobalFoundries Inc.	GFS	58.64	32.818	21.37
Intel Corporation	INTC	34.73	146.035	(negative)
IPG Photonics Corporation	IPGP	110.93	5.226	51.85
KLA Corporation	KLAC	494.32	68.505	20.37
Lam Research Corporation	LRCX	689.13	93.092	19.28
Lattice Semiconductor Corporation	LSCC	90.71	12.673	68.91
Microchip Technolog Incorporated	MCHP	82.94	45.114	20.68
Monolithic Power Systems, Inc.	MPWR	522.18	24.99	54.83
Marvell Technology, Inc.	MRVL	62.01	53.974	(negative)
Micron Technology, Inc.	MU	69.27	76.167	(negative)
Novanta Inc.	NOVT	173.06	6.265	87.04
NVIDIA Corporation	NVDA	445.83	1110	235.39
NXP Semiconductors N.V.	NXPI	209.91	55.015	20.31
ON Semiconductor Corporation	ON	101.04	44.323	25.24
QUALCOMM Incorporated	QCOM	119.4	113.725	12.8
Qorvo, Inc.	QRVO	106.12	10.506	108.15
Skyworks Solutions, Inc.	SWKS	108.58	17.399	15.78
Synaptics Incorporated	SYNA	87.75	3.498	19.33
Teradyne, Inc.	TER	106.53	16.702	28.35
Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC)	TSM	95.47	500.277	15.71
Texas Instruments Incorporated	TXN	167.52	152.998	18.91
Wolfspeed, Inc.	WOLF	58.71	7.404	(negative)

Recession

US Semiconductor stocks suffer brutally during economic recessions with more than 30% downside on the SOX index during the COVID outburst. NVIDIA however, remained resilient on artificial intelligence forecast and increasing demand. However, from the start of the US Federal Reserve's attempt to bring long term inflation rate to 2% with quantitative tightening and interest rate hikes, the stock fell for more than 65% from November 2021 to September 2022 before increasing more than 300% with increased artificial intelligence demand and FOMO trades.

Numerous potential recession signals are evident which need to be cautiously considered. These include the worst inverted US treasury yield curve since 1981 stagflation and oil crisis, two consecutive negative quarterly growth on US Gross Domestic Income (GDI), the debt crisis (explained below), commercial real estate crisis, and many more. Although the labour market remains tighter than expected with resilient economic strength, deteriorating economy will likely to negatively impact the perfomance of NVIDIA based on historical performance of semiconductor companies.

Monetary Policy

Monetary policy refers to instruments used by the US Federal Reserve in order to achieve maximum employment with price stability.

Quantitative tightening (QT) ejects liquidity out of the financial market, which is achieved by the Federal Reserve reducing its balance sheet by either selling their current assets, mostly US Treausry bonds and Mortgage Backed Securities (MBS), or letting the bonds mature without reissuance. Reduced amount of liquidity cools the economy which bring inflation down, which historically put downward pressure on tech and growth stocks including NVIDIA.

Quantitative Easing (QE) is the reverse of QT. Commonly referred as "money printing", they acquire bonds and securities and effectively lending money or injecting liquidity to the financial market. Increasing the money supply heats the economy and brings currency devaluation. This typically leads to inflation by issuing more debt and the FED lowers the federal funds rate to near zero in order to pay less interest on their debt. Semiconductor companies and growth stocks outperformed during QE phase of the economic cycle.

Credit Ratings

Credit ratings of the United States is a major catalyst for market activities. On 1st of August, Fitch downgraded the credit rating of the United States from the highest rating of AAA, to AA+. Fiscal deterioration and growing government deficit burden were the reasons behind this downgrade. Previously, the credit rating downgrade of the US only occurred once in 2011, following the aftermath of 2008 Financial Crisis and the Federal Reserve's attempt to revive the economy with vast amount of quantitative easing and an increased balance sheet.

This downgrade is significant as investors began to question the economic strength of the US. With high macroeconomic sensitivity, the SOX index plummeted by 6% after the announcement.

Credit Ratings of 10 US banks were downgraded by Moody's on 8th August 2023.

US Banks Downgraded by Moody's

Bank Name	Ticker
M&T Bank	MTB
Webster Bank	WBS
Pinnacle Financial Partners	PNFP
BOK Financial Corp	BOKF
Associated Banc-Corp	ASB
Old National Bancorp	ONB
Amarillo National Bank	(private)
Commerce Bancshares	CBSH
Prosperity Bank	PB
Fulton Financial Crop.	FULT

Additional six banks are under review for a potential downgrade.

US Banks under review for potential credit rating downgrade

Bank Name	Ticker	Market Capitalisation
Bank of New York Mellon	MK	$35.49B
U.S. Bancorp	USB	$61.462B
State Street Corp.	STT	$23.279B
Truist Financial Corp.	TFC	$42.57B
Northern Trust Corp.	NTRS	$16.52B
Cullen/Frost Bankers Inc.	CFR	$6.846B

These downgrades indicate a deteriorating credit market following regional bank turmoil of collapse of Silicon Valley Bank, Signature Bank, First Republic Bank and so on. These banks are responsible for commercial real estate loans which is significantly underperforming with higher interest rates. With US office vacancy rates at an all time high, this causes devaluation of those vacant buildings which reduces the availability of CRE loans for owners. With higher interest rates and increased difficulty of CRE loans, this sector in the market is in deep trouble with $1.5 Trillion of CRE loans to mature by 2025. The severity of the debt crisis often brings downward pressure for growth stocks with high PER, including NVIDIA, thus Nvidia is likely to have downward pressure with deteriorating economic conditions.

Debt Crisis

Credit ratings downgrade of the US was mainly due to potential defaults on current governmental and individual debt levels amid economic uncertainty and tightened credit conditions. In terms of consumer loans, often refered as the credit card debt, has reached an all time high near $1 trillion, and delinquency rates on those debt has been increasing for the last two years. Upward trends on both data are a reliable leading indicator of an economic recession, as evident on 2000 dot-com crash, 2008 financial crisis and 2020 Covid. These set of data indicate a deteriorating credit conditions which typically contribute to underperformance of SOX and NVIDIA.

Competition

AMD

AMD is the largest direct competitor to Nvidia. It is an American semiconductor company that is mainly specialised in CPUs and is the largest competitor to intel. AMD ventured into the GPU market after acquiring ATI in 2006 and since then it has produced a line of products including gaming GPUs. It is known for its Accelerated processing units (APUs) which fuse both CPUs and GPUs onto a single chip. Additionally its gaming GPUs are known for being more cost effective that a Nvidia GPUs whilst having comparable performance.

The long standing rivalry between AMD and Nvidia is the primary driving force for GPU innovation in the gaming GPU market space.

AMD boasted a revenue of 5.35 billion USD last quarter with yearly revenues of around 20 billion USD with around 25% of AMD's revenue coming from GPU sales.

Moore Threads

Moore Threads is a Chinese technology company specialising in graphics processing unit (GPU) design, established in October 2020 by, Zhang Jianzhong (张建中), the former global vice-president of Nvidia and general manager of Nvidia China. The company claims to be the first Chinese company to introduce a domestic, "fully-featured" GPU solution. Whilst Moore threads seems to still be in the start up stage of development, the company has a large market to sell to and its 1st line of GPUs was shown to be promising by reviewers. Additionally, the firm will be able to exploit the deterioration of US-China trade relations because as of 2023 no established GPU manufacturers are based in China. As a result, the trade embargoes placed by the US government on US chip manufacturers selling to China has a left a shortfall of supply and in an market with a high demand for GPUs. Therefore, it will only be a matter of time before a Chinese GPU manufacturer rises.

Although the firm is currently still in its start-up phase and does not have published financials, it has raised over 531 million USD in funding from private investors including institutions such as Tencent and ByteDance (creator of Tiktok).

Innosilicon

Innosilicon is another Chinese GPU manufacturer. It unveiled its 1st line-up of the fantasy one series GPUs in 2021 which were fully domestically produced in China. Like Moore threads it is still in the start-up stage of it life-cycle so time will need to be given to see if Innosilicon will be a competitor to Nvidia.

Intel

Like AMD, Intel is better known for its CPUs, but its graphics cards have also gained popularity in the low end performance requirement market. Intel is known for integrated HD/UHD GPUs embedded with the CPUs on a single chip. Intel’s graphics have not been the go-to option for gaming in the past, but things have changed after the release of Intel Xe. This recent release of Intel graphics have finally been recognised as somewhat gaming ready by reviews. Therefore, whilst it is not a direct competitor to Nvidia, it may compete with Nvidia in the integrated CPU-GPU markets.

Intel is getting more ambitious with the release its own discrete high performance GPUs ,the ARC series.

It will take some time before Intel can get a foothold in the gaming and high-computing GPU market, but joining in the competition could prove vexing for Nvidia down the road.

Apple

Apple is also considering a boost to its GPU chips to match Nvidia’s high computing graphics cards. Apple’s power-efficient M1 Pro and M1 Max chips are behind the impressive graphics of MacBook Pro 14 and 16.

It seems that the two chips are just a start for Apple’s venture in gaming GPU. Recently, the company released M1 Ultra, which has massive improvements over the previous chips and is available in the new Mac Studio. As Apple claims, M1 Ultra has two M1 chips with 64 GPU cores, “faster performance than even the highest-end PC GPU available while using 200 fewer watts of power”. This claim compares M1 Ultra with Nvidia’s RTX 3090, the most powerful GPU before the release of RTX 3090 Ti.

However, currently Apple's GPUs appear to be integrated into Apple product only (for now) therefore Apple is not currently a direct competitor to Nvidia's discrete GPU focus.

Financials

The table below shows historical revenue for Nvidia from 2019 to 2023. Nvidia presents it's financial statements on the 31st of January of every year, in contrast to most other companies that report results on the 31st of December.

Financials

Units ($m)	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Total Revenue	11,716.00	10,918.00	16,675.00	26,914.00	26,974.00
Cost of revenue	-         4,545.00	-         4,150.00	-         6,279.00	-         9,439.00	-       11,618.00
SG&A expenses	-           991.00	-         1,093.00	-         1,940.00	-         2,166.00	-         2,440.00
R&D Expenses	-         2,376.00	-         2,829.00	-         3,924.00	-         5,268.00	-         7,339.00
EBIT	3,804.00	2,846.00	4,532.00	10,041.00	5,577.00
Depreciation	262.00	381.00	1,098.00	1,174.00	1,544.00
CapEx	-           600.00	-           489.00	-         1,128.00	-           976.00	-         1,833.00
Current Assets	10,557.00	13,690.00	16,055.00	28,829.00	23,073.00
Cash	782.00	10,896.00	847.00	1,990.00	3,389.00
Current Liabilities	1,329.00	1,784.00	3,925.00	4,335.00	6,563.00
NCWC	8,446.00	1,010.00	11,283.00	22,504.00	13,121.00
NCWC (inc/dec)	\	7,436.00	-       10,273.00	-       11,221.00	9,383.00

Revenue has been increasing at an average rate of 27% per year for the last five years, this percentage is used to forecast future revenue growth per year for the DCF valuation carried out below. SG&A stands for selling, general and admin, and R&D is research and development. NCWC is non-cash working capital, this is used in the calculation of free cash flows.

Revenue for the previous 5 years.

The table below shows the assumptions used to forecast the financials for the next 10 years, used for performing the DCF valuation. Graphs further down show forecasts used for any variables that are not listed in the table.

Financial Variable	Value Forecasted	Notes
Revenue Growth Per Year	26.89%	Average applied going forward
Cost of Revenue	38.52%	Average applied going forward
SG&A Expenses	9.44%	Average applied going forward
R&D Expenses	23%	Average applied going forward
CapEX	5%	Average applied going forward
Cash Growth per Year	1.50%	1.5% increase is added on to the percentage used for the previous year
Depreciation, Assets and Liabilities are forecast using the excel forecast function

The following table shows the forecasted financials for Nvidia for the next 10 years.

Forecast Financials

Units ($m)	2024	2025	2026	2027	2028	2029	2030	2031	2032	2033
Total Revenue	34,227.31	43,431.03	55,109.64	69,928.62	88,732.42	112,592.57	142,868.71	181,286.11	230,033.95	291,890.07
Cost of revenue	-13,184.43	-16,729.72	-21,228.34	-26,936.64	-34,179.90	-43,370.88	-55,033.31	-69,831.76	-88,609.52	-112,436.62
SG&A expenses	-3,230.87	-4,099.65	-5,202.05	-6,600.88	-8,375.86	-10,628.13	-13,486.03	-17,112.43	-21,713.96	-27,552.84
R&D Expenses	-7,975.28	-10,119.84	-12,841.06	-16,294.02	-20,675.48	-26,235.12	-33,289.74	-42,241.36	-53,600.06	-68,013.11
EBIT	9,836.73	12,481.82	15,838.19	20,097.07	25,501.18	32,358.44	41,059.63	52,100.56	66,110.40	83,887.49
Depreciation	1,746.14	2,374.92	2,444.09	3,072.87	3,142.03	3,770.81	3,839.98	4,468.76	4,537.93	5,166.71
CapEx	-1,833.66	-2,326.73	-2,952.38	-3,746.28	-4,753.65	-6,031.91	-7,653.89	-9,712.03	-12,323.59	-15,637.40
Current Assets	36,407.25	40,106.78	46,815.86	50,515.40	57,224.48	60,924.01	67,633.09	71,332.63	78,041.71	81,741.25
Cash	4,813.71	6,759.58	9,403.88	12,981.51	17,803.23	24,279.41	32,951.17	44,531.03	59,955.93	80,456.44
Current Liabilities	6,945.85	9,100.97	9,533.81	11,688.94	12,121.77	14,276.90	14,709.73	16,864.86	17,297.69	19,452.82
NCWC	24,647.69	24,246.22	27,878.18	25,844.95	27,299.48	22,367.71	19,972.20	9,936.74	788.09	-18,168.01
NCWC (inc/dec)	-11,526.69	401.47	-3,631.95	2,033.23	-1,454.54	4,931.77	2,395.51	10,035.46	9,148.65	18,956.10
FCF	-3,843.19	10,310.30	8,371.92	17,236.50	17,079.77	28,233.84	31,018.71	45,951.64	53,590.21	74,756.52
Discount Factor	0.9356	0.8208	0.7201	0.6317	0.5542	0.4862	0.4265	0.3742	0.3283	0.2880
Present Value of FCF	-3,595.75	8,462.74	6,028.47	10,888.65	9,465.63	13,727.13	13,230.49	17,194.74	17,592.30	21,529.24

The following are graphs illustrating the assumptions calculated above.

Risks

Nvidia is one of the largest semiconductor companies in the world, ranking 1st in market cap and 9th in terms of revenue (Q1 2023) and is currently one of the most hyped investments. Nvidia's stock has tripled in six months and this is mostly due to high hopes for its role in the artificial intelligence revolution. However, as with all investments, NVIDIA carries a certain level of risk.

According to TipRanks' Risk Factors tool, Nvidia's primary areas of risk are Finance & Corporate, Technology & Innovation, and Macro & Political factors, each contributing 20% to the overall 25 risks identified for the stock, for Q1, 2023.

Finance and Corporate

Nvidia's valuation is exceptionally high, while companies like AMD, Microsoft, Alphabet, and Apple, known for their innovation, have notably lower valuations. Consequently, Nvidia's present valuation significantly surpasses its earnings in contrast to these industry peers. The company is experiencing rapid growth, particularly due to the expanding use of artificial intelligence (AI), although uncertainties remain regarding its future profit growth and market outlook.

Another crucial consideration regarding Nvidia's investment potential relates to its dividend approach. Nvidia allocates a minor portion of its profits as dividends to shareholders, a markedly lower proportion compared to other firms within the S&P 500 stock index. Moreover, Nvidia does not engage extensively in stock buybacks, a practice aimed at boosting share value, opting instead to reinvest funds into the business, primarily for research and development efforts to create improved and advanced products.

Technology and Innovation

The semiconductor sector, which constitutes the primary field of Nvidia's operations, is a fiercely competitive domain driven by rapid technological advancement. Success in this sector hinges on the ability to swiftly adapt to changes.

Interestingly, many of Nvidia's rivals also happen to be its current clients. These include well-known companies like Microsoft, Apple, and Tesla. Additionally, there's a growing concern that the tech industry's focus on AI might lead to the emergence of more affordable and specialised alternatives. This could potentially weaken the appeal of Nvidia's premium offerings.

Nvidia encounters a notable challenge from emerging local chip manufacturers such as Amazon's AWS, Microsoft, and Alphabet. These companies are exploring AI chip development, adding to the competitive landscape. Although the AI market is expanding overall, this heightened competition could potentially affect Nvidia's established dominance in the industry.

Macroeconomic and Political Factors

The amalgamation of increasing interest rates, elevated inflation, and geopolitical uncertainties has the potential to influence both NVIDIA's revenue and the earnings of its manufacturing partners.

Furthermore, the introduction of new regulations on export restrictions could present a notable danger to Nvidia and its shareholders. These regulations might necessitate licenses for chips related to artificial intelligence (AI), resulting in negative effects on Nvidia's financial performance as outlined in its official 10-K submission. Should the U.S. government impose export controls on AI chips, it could impede the growth of the AI sector, potentially leading to decreased risk-taking across the entire U.S. technology landscape. Consequently, investment funds might decrease their exposure and engage in profit-taking, ultimately impacting both Nvidia and the broader technology sector.

Catalysts

AI and Deep Learning

NVIDIA's core competence lies in its GPUs, which have become a cornerstone in AI and deep learning applications. The rapid expansion of AI in various sectors, including healthcare, automotive, finance, and more, presents a significant growth opportunity for NVIDIA. The demand for powerful GPUs for training and inferencing in AI models continues to surge. As AI becomes more integral to business operations, NVIDIA is well-positioned to benefit from this trend, driving both hardware and software sales.

Data Centre Expansion

NVIDIA has strategically targeted the data centre market, capitalizing on the increasing need for high-performance computing. The acquisition of Mellanox Technologies in 2020 further solidified its position in the data centre ecosystem. The proliferation of cloud computing, edge computing, and AI-driven applications requires robust data centre infrastructure, presenting NVIDIA with substantial growth potential in this space. As businesses rely more on cloud-based services and AI-driven insights, NVIDIA's data centre solutions are expected to witness continued demand.

Autonomous Vehicles

NVIDIA's innovations in autonomous vehicle technology have been instrumental in shaping the future of transportation. Its DRIVE platform provides advanced AI and deep learning capabilities for autonomous vehicles, making it a preferred choice for automakers and tech companies venturing into self-driving technology. As the race towards autonomous vehicles intensifies, NVIDIA's solutions are poised to play a pivotal role. Partnerships with leading automakers and technological advancements in this sector are likely to drive revenue growth.

Gaming and eSports

NVIDIA's GPUs have been at the forefront of the gaming industry, delivering cutting-edge graphics and immersive experiences. The continued expansion of the gaming market, along with the rise of eSports, offers a lucrative opportunity for NVIDIA. The company's latest GPU releases, such as the GeForce RTX series, have garnered significant attention for their real-time ray tracing and AI capabilities. As gaming technology evolves, NVIDIA's position as a market leader is expected to contribute to its revenue growth.

Edge Computing and Internet of Things (IoT)

The proliferation of IoT devices and the need for real-time data processing have given rise to edge computing. NVIDIA's GPUs are well-suited for intensive computations at the edge, enabling efficient data analysis and decision-making. The integration of AI into IoT devices further enhances their capabilities, and NVIDIA's expertise in both areas positions it as a key player in the edge computing ecosystem. The company's EGX platform, designed for AI at the edge, is anticipated to gain traction as IoT deployment expands.

Expansion into High-Performance Computing (HPC)

NVIDIA's GPUs have found applications beyond gaming and AI, notably in high-performance computing (HPC). The ability to accelerate complex simulations and scientific research using GPUs has led to their adoption in academia, research institutions, and industries requiring extensive computational power. NVIDIA's GPUs are central to some of the world's most powerful supercomputers, underscoring their relevance in HPC. As scientific and industrial computing demands increase, NVIDIA's HPC solutions are positioned for growth.

Valuations

DCF and WACC

The following table shows the values used to calculate the WACC for NVIDIA, which was found to be 14%. Units are in USD millions. The share price used in the table was the share price at market close on 28/07/2023.

WACC

Risk Free Rate of Return	4.2%
Beta	1.75
Market Rate of Return	9.8%
Cost of Equity	14.1%
Credit Spread	1.23%
Cost of Debt	4.3%
Shares Outstanding	2,470.00
Share Price	467.50
Equity	1,154,725.00
Total Debt	11,000.00
Weighted Average Maturity	10.99
Interest Expense	262.00
Debt	9,224.86
E/D+E	99.2%
D/D+E	0.8%
WACC	14.0%

The following table shows the DCF valuation result.

DCF

Terminal Value	721,064.28
Present Value of Terminal Value	207,660.36
Enterprise Value	322,184.00
Equity Value	326,504.00
Share Price	$132.19

The DCF calculation shows that as of 28/07/2023, Nvidia is overvalued. The stock is significantly overpriced compared to the intrinsic value of the company. This could indicate that in the future, the stock price may decline. The beta for Nvidia is also extremely high, meaning that the stock is very volatile compared to the S&P 500. This is a stock that can have very large short term fluctuations in share price, as we have seen over the previous few months in 2023. The effective tax rate used in the calculations was set at 21%, and the terminal growth rate was set at 3.3%, equal to the annualised average GDP growth rate.

The following is a sensitivity analysis showing implied share price values in different growth rate and WACC environments.

$132.19	WACC
Growth Rate		12.0%	12.5%	13.0%	13.5%	14.0%	14.5%	15.0%	15.5%	16.0%
	2.0%	$158.93	$148.25	$138.65	$129.97	$122.09	$114.93	$108.38	$102.39	$96.88
	2.5%	$165.00	$153.54	$143.28	$134.04	$125.69	$118.11	$111.22	$104.92	$99.15
	3.0%	$171.75	$159.39	$148.37	$138.50	$129.61	$121.58	$114.29	$107.65	$101.59
	3.5%	$179.29	$165.89	$154.00	$143.41	$133.91	$125.36	$117.63	$110.61	$104.22
	4.0%	$187.78	$173.15	$160.26	$148.83	$138.64	$129.50	$121.27	$113.83	$107.08
	4.5%	$197.39	$181.32	$167.25	$154.86	$143.86	$134.05	$125.26	$117.34	$110.18
	5.0%	$208.38	$190.58	$175.12	$161.59	$149.67	$139.09	$129.65	$121.19	$113.56

Relative Valuation

The following table shows a comparison of NVIDIA to it's competitors in the computing hardware and semiconductor manufacturing industries. All ratios are calculated based on a 5 year annualised average.

Relative Valuation

Company	P/E	EPS	Dividend	Dividend Yield	Dividend Growth	ROE	ROA	ROI
Nvidia	x266.26	$1.74	$0.16	0.18%	2.34%	18.86%	10.69%	12.47%
AMD	x137.89	$0.84	0	0	0	0.72%	0.57%	0.63%
Intel	x18.27	$1.94	$1.46	3.14%	6.26%	-0.91%	-0.53%	-0.63%
TSMC	x79.5	$1.24	$0.35	71.11%	6.58%	33.97%	20.34%	24.73%
Qualcomm	x11.49	$11.42	$2.86	2.64%	5.39%	64.36%	22.14%	29.78%
Broadcom	x34.23	$26.53	$16.4	3.33%	32.08%	63.14%	19.09%	21.23%
Apple	x31.67	$6.11	$0.9	0.89%	8.45%	145.61%	27.63%	43.34%

The price to earning ratio for Nvidia is at x266, indicating that the stock is hugely overvalued. When compared to the industry average of x52, we can see that the stock is overpriced.

Earnings per share for Nvidia are $1.74, below the industry average of $7, this indicates that the company is not as profitable as some of it's peers. Taking into account both P/E and EPS gives us strong evidence that Nvidia stock is overvalued.

The dividend paid out by Nvidia over the previous 5 years, as well as the dividend yield is significantly below all of it's competitors. The dividend growth also lacks behind it's industry peers. This indicates that the income prospects for this stock are not as good as some of it's competitors, who are also undervalued. Note AMD does not pay out a dividend.

The returns on Equity, Assets and Investment for Nvidia are lower than all of it's competitors, indicating that the company is not as efficient at generating profits as others in the same industry.

The relative valuation indicates that Nvidia is overpriced, does not have brilliant income prospects, and is not as efficient at generating profits as some of it's industry competitors, such as Qualcomm, Broadcom and Apple. This could mean that in the future, share price for Nvidia is likely to fall or remain stagnant. However, investor sentiment and the volatility of the stock means that we may not see a translation of the value of the stock to the behaviour of it's share price.